-tus

See also: TUS, tus, tus', tuş, tuš, tús, tùs, and tüs

Latin

Etymology 1

From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).

Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-daz, *-taz.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tus (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second-declension suffix

2. Forms the past participle of verbs.
4. Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".

   iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”)

   onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“burdened”, “heavily laden”, “overencumbered by a load”)

Usage notes

The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:

• A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.

  ‎agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus

  ‎scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus

  ‎coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus

• A stem-final v behaves differently depending on which Proto-Italic consonant it developed from. If it developed from Proto-Italic w, it becomes u (forming a diphthong or long ū), and if it developed from gʷ, it becomes c.
• A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel.

  ‎cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus

• A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.

  ‎mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus

• A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.

  ‎currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus

• When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:

  ‎errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus

  ‎moneō (“warn”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus

Declension

First/second-declension adjective.

Number	Singular				Plural
Case / Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	-tus	-ta	-tum		-tī	-tae	-ta
Genitive	-tī	-tae	-tī		-tōrum	-tārum	-tōrum
Dative	-tō		-tō		-tīs
Accusative	-tum	-tam	-tum		-tōs	-tās	-ta
Ablative	-tō	-tā	-tō		-tīs
Vocative	-te	-ta	-tum		-tī	-tae	-ta

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (adjective)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension

2. Forms action nouns from verbs.

   ‎cadō + ‎-tus → ‎casus

   ‎habeō (“I have, posses, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”)

   ‎sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sūmptus (“expenditure”)

Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix; see -sus.

Declension

Fourth-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-tus	-tūs
Genitive	-tūs	-tuum
Dative	-tuī	-tibus
Accusative	-tum	-tūs
Ablative	-tū	-tibus
Vocative	-tus	-tūs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (action noun)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūts, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tuːs/, [t̪uːs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tus/, [t̪us]

Suffix

-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension

2. Forms collective/abstract nouns from adjectives or other nouns.

   iuvenis (“young, a young man”) → iuventūs (“the young, young men collectively; the period or qualities of youthful manhood, youth”)

   senex (“an old man”) → senectūs (“old men collectively; the period or condition of old age”)

Usage notes

Same as for the participle suffix.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-tūs	-tūtēs
Genitive	-tūtis	-tūtum
Dative	-tūtī	-tūtibus
Accusative	-tūtem	-tūtēs
Ablative	-tūte	-tūtibus
Vocative	-tūs	-tūtēs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -tus (abstract noun)

References

• “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)