-ua

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ua"

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-udak, from Proto-Uralic *-w-. Cognates include Estonian -uma/-uda.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /-uɑˣ/, [-uɑ̝(ʔ)]

Suffix

-ua (front vowel harmony variant -yä, stem -u-, linguistic notation -U- or -UA)

Forms passive (including stative) or translative (including inchoative) intransitive verbs from transitive verbs.
‎nähdä (“to see”) + ‎-ua → ‎näkyä (“to be visible”)

‎kastaa (“to dip, make wet”) + ‎-ua → ‎kastua (“to become wet”)

Conjugation

Inflection of -ua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation)

indicative mood

present tense

perfect

person

positive

negative

person

positive

negative

1st sing.

-un

en -u

1st sing.

olen -unut

en ole -unut

2nd sing.

-ut

et -u

2nd sing.

olet -unut

et ole -unut

3rd sing.

-uu

ei -u

3rd sing.

on -unut

ei ole -unut

1st plur.

-umme

emme -u

1st plur.

olemme -uneet

emme ole -uneet

2nd plur.

-utte

ette -u

2nd plur.

olette -uneet

ette ole -uneet

3rd plur.

-uvat

eivät -u

3rd plur.

ovat -uneet

eivät ole -uneet

passive

-utaan

ei -uta

passive

on -uttu

ei ole -uttu

past tense

pluperfect

person

positive

negative

person

positive

negative

1st sing.

-uin

en -unut

1st sing.

olin -unut

en ollut -unut

2nd sing.

-uit

et -unut

2nd sing.

olit -unut

et ollut -unut

3rd sing.

-ui

ei -unut

3rd sing.

oli -unut

ei ollut -unut

1st plur.

-uimme

emme -uneet

1st plur.

olimme -uneet

emme olleet -uneet

2nd plur.

-uitte

ette -uneet

2nd plur.

olitte -uneet

ette olleet -uneet

3rd plur.

-uivat

eivät -uneet

3rd plur.

olivat -uneet

eivät olleet -uneet

passive

-uttiin

ei -uttu

passive

oli -uttu

ei ollut -uttu

conditional mood

present

perfect

person

positive

negative

person

positive

negative

1st sing.

-uisin

en -uisi

1st sing.

olisin -unut

en olisi -unut

2nd sing.

-uisit

et -uisi

2nd sing.

olisit -unut

et olisi -unut

3rd sing.

-uisi

ei -uisi

3rd sing.

olisi -unut

ei olisi -unut

1st plur.

-uisimme

emme -uisi

1st plur.

olisimme -uneet

emme olisi -uneet

2nd plur.

-uisitte

ette -uisi

2nd plur.

olisitte -uneet

ette olisi -uneet

3rd plur.

-uisivat

eivät -uisi

3rd plur.

olisivat -uneet

eivät olisi -uneet

passive

-uttaisiin

ei -uttaisi

passive

olisi -uttu

ei olisi -uttu

imperative mood

present

perfect

person

positive

negative

person

positive

negative

1st sing.

—

1st sing.

—

2nd sing.

-u

älä -u

2nd sing.

—

3rd sing.

-ukoon

älköön -uko

3rd sing.

olkoon -unut

älköön olko -unut

1st plur.

-ukaamme

älkäämme -uko

1st plur.

—

2nd plur.

-ukaa

älkää -uko

2nd plur.

—

3rd plur.

-ukoot

älkööt -uko

3rd plur.

olkoot -uneet

älkööt olko -uneet

passive

-uttakoon

älköön -uttako

passive

olkoon -uttu

älköön olko -uttu

potential mood

present

perfect

person

positive

negative

person

positive

negative

1st sing.

-unen

en -une

1st sing.

lienen -unut

en liene -unut

2nd sing.

-unet

et -une

2nd sing.

lienet -unut

et liene -unut

3rd sing.

-unee

ei -une

3rd sing.

lienee -unut

ei liene -unut

1st plur.

-unemme

emme -une

1st plur.

lienemme -uneet

emme liene -uneet

2nd plur.

-unette

ette -une

2nd plur.

lienette -uneet

ette liene -uneet

3rd plur.

-unevat

eivät -une

3rd plur.

lienevät -uneet

eivät liene -uneet

passive

-uttaneen

ei -uttane

passive

lienee -uttu

ei liene -uttu

Nominal forms

infinitives

participles

active

passive

active

passive

1st

-ua

present

-uva

-uttava

long 1st¹

Possessive forms
Person	sing.	plur.
1st	-uakseni	-uaksemme
2nd	-uaksesi	-uaksenne
3rd	-uakseen -uaksensa

past

-unut

-uttu

2nd

inessive²

-uessa

-uttaessa

agent⁴

-uma

Possessive forms
Person	sing.	plur.
1st	-uessani	-uessamme
2nd	-uessasi	-uessanne
3rd	-uessaan -uessansa

negative

-umaton

instructive

-uen

—

¹⁾ Used only with a possessive suffix.

²⁾ Usually with a possessive suffix (active only).
³⁾ Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details).

⁴⁾ Usually with a possessive suffix. May not be used with all verbs, especially intransitive ones (more details). Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.

3rd

inessive

-umassa

—

elative

-umasta

—

illative

-umaan

—

adessive

-umalla

—

abessive

-umatta

—

instructive

-uman

-uttaman

4th³

verbal noun

-uminen

5th¹

Possessive forms
Person	sing.	plur.
1st	-umaisillani	-umaisillamme
2nd	-umaisillasi	-umaisillanne
3rd	-umaisillaan -umaisillansa

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ua

References

Räisänen, Alpo. 1988. Suomen kielen u-johtimiset verbit. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. →ISBN

Anagrams

au

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-udak. Cognates include Finnish -ua and Karelian -uo.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑˑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑˑ]

Suffix

-ua (front vowel variant -yä)

Used to form inchoative verbs.
‎nähä (“to see”) + ‎-ua → ‎näkkyä (“to be visible”)

Usage notes

After verbs whose stems end in a long vowel, or after nominals, the allomorph -hua (-hyä) is used:
‎kuivaa- (“to dry”) + ‎-ua → ‎kuivahua (“to dry out”).

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ua (type 1/ampua, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-un	en -u	1st singular	oon -unt, oon -unut	en oo -unt, en oo -unut
2nd singular	-ut	et -u	2nd singular	oot -unt, oot -unut	et oo -unt, et oo -unut
3rd singular	-uu	ei -u	3rd singular	ono -unt, ono -unut	ei oo -unt, ei oo -unut
1st plural	-umma	emmä -u	1st plural	oomma -uneet	emmä oo -uneet
2nd plural	-utta	että -u	2nd plural	ootta -uneet	että oo -uneet
3rd plural	-uut¹⁾, -uvat²⁾, -utaa	evät -u, ei -uta	3rd plural	ovat -uneet	evät oo -uneet, ei oo -uttu
impersonal	-utaa	ei -uta	impersonal	ono -uttu	ei oo -uttu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-uin	en -unt, en -unut	1st singular	olin -unt, olin -unut	en olt -unt, en olt -unut
2nd singular	-uit	et -unt, et -unut	2nd singular	olit -unt, olit -unut	et olt -unt, et olt -unut
3rd singular	-ui	ei -unt, ei -unut	3rd singular	oli -unt, oli -unut	ei olt -unt, ei olt -unut
1st plural	-uimma	emmä -uneet	1st plural	olimma -uneet	emmä olleet -uneet
2nd plural	-uitta	että -uneet	2nd plural	olitta -uneet	että olleet -uneet
3rd plural	-uit¹⁾, -uivat²⁾, -uttii	evät -uneet, ei -uttu	3rd plural	olivat -uneet	evät olleet -uneet, ei olt -uttu
impersonal	-uttii	ei -uttu	impersonal	oli -uttu	ei olt -uttu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-uisin	en -uis	1st singular	olisin -unt, olisin -unut	en olis -unt, en olis -unut
2nd singular	-uisit, -uist¹⁾	et -uis	2nd singular	olisit -unt, olisit -unut	et olis -unt, et olis -unut
3rd singular	-uis	ei -uis	3rd singular	olis -unt, olis -unut	ei olis -unt, ei olis -unut
1st plural	-uisimma	emmä -uis	1st plural	olisimma -uneet	emmä olis -uneet
2nd plural	-uisitta	että -uis	2nd plural	olisitta -uneet	että olis -uneet
3rd plural	-uisiit¹⁾, -uisivat²⁾, -uttais	evät -uis, ei -uttais	3rd plural	olisivat -uneet	evät olis -uneet, ei olis -uttu
impersonal	-uttais	ei -uttais	impersonal	olis -uttu	ei olis -uttu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	-u	elä -u	2nd singular	oo -unt, oo -unut	elä oo -unt, elä oo -unut
3rd singular	-ukoo	elköö -uko	3rd singular	olkoo -unt, olkoo -unut	elköö olko -unt, elköö olko -unut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	-ukaa	elkää -uko	2nd plural	olkaa -uneet	elkää olko -uneet
3rd plural	-ukoot	elkööt -uko, elköö -uttako	3rd plural	olkoot -uneet	elkööt olko -uneet, elköö olko -uttu
impersonal	-uttakkoo	elköö -uttako	impersonal	olkoo -uttu	elköö olko -uttu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	-unen	en -une
2nd singular	-unet	et -une
3rd singular	-unoo	ei -une
1st plural	-unemma	emmä -une
2nd plural	-unetta	että -une
3rd plural	-unoot	evät -une, ei -uttane
impersonal	-uttannoo	ei -uttane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		-ua	present	-uva	-uttava
2nd	inessive	-ujees	past	-unt, -unut	-uttu
2nd	instructive	-uen	¹⁾ Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. ²⁾ Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. ^) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-ukaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. ^) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka^?/-kä^?) to the indicative ^*) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka^?/-kä^?) or -kse* to either the indicative or the potential ^***) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-*, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	-umaa
	inessive	-umaas
	elative	-umast
	abessive	-umata
4th	nominative	-umiin
	partitive	-umista, -umist

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ua

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑˑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑˑ]

Suffix

-ua

partitive singular of -u

Latin

Pronunciation

-ua:
- (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [u.a]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [u.a] (stress falls on the antepenult)
-ua:
- (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA^(key): [kʷa]
- (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA^(key): [kʷa] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)
-uā:
- (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [u.aː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [u.a] (stress falls on the antepenult)
-uā:
- (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA^(key): [kʷaː]
- (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA^(key): [kʷa] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)

Suffix

-ua

inflection of -uus:
1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Suffix

-uā

ablative feminine singular of -uus

Romanian

Alternative forms

-a — used for feminine nouns in the nominative and plural cases which do not end in a stressed vowel or diphthong

Etymology

Inherited from Latin illa.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /wa/

Suffix

-ua f

variant of -a
the (definite article)

Usage notes

This form of the definite article is used for feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a stressed vowel or diphthong:
basmaua, from basma, fem.

cafeaua, from cafea, fem.

steaua, from stea, fem.
Monosyllables ending in vowels also take this suffix:
ziua, from zi, fem.

Swahili

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Sabaki *-ula/*-ola, from Proto-Bantu *-ʊda.

In Sabaki, cognate with Ngazidja Comorian -ua/-oa and Giryama -ula/-ola. Other Bantu cognates include Rwanda-Rundi -ūra/-ōra.

Suffix

-ua (variant after root with -o- -oa)

(nonproductive) conversive suffix; reverses the meaning of the verb
‎-funga (“to close”) + ‎-ua → ‎-fungua (“to open”)

‎-choma (“to pierce”) + ‎-oa → ‎-chomoa (“to draw out”)

Derived terms

Swahili terms suffixed with -ua

Swahili conversive verbs