ech

See also: ECH

Esperanto

Adverb

ech

1. H-system spelling of eĉ

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Kalasha

Noun

ech

1. Alternative spelling of eč

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Luxembourgish

Etymology

From Middle High German ich, from Old High German ih, from Proto-Germanic *ik.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eχ/, [əɕ]
• Homophones: iech, Iech (unstressed only)

Pronoun

ech

1. first-person singular, nominative: I

   Ech liese gären. ― I like reading.

Declension

Luxembourgish personal pronouns

		nominative		accusative		dative		reflexive
		str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.	str.	unstr.
1st person singular		ech	—	mech	—	mir	mer	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (informal)		du	de	dech	—	dir	der	like dat. and acc.
2nd person singular (formal)		Dir	Der	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech	Iech [əɕ]	Iech
3rd person singular	m	hien	en	hien	en	him	em	sech
	f	si	se	si	se	hir	er	sech
	n	hatt	et ('t)	hatt	et ('t)	him	em	sech
1st person plural		mir	mer	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)	—	eis (ons)
2nd person plural		dir	der	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech	iech [əɕ]	iech
3rd person plural		si	se	si	se	hinnen	en	sech

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Middle English

Alternative forms

• eche, ich, iche, uch, uche, ych
• (northern) elke, ilk, ylke
• (early) æch, ælc, ælch, elch, euch, ilch, illc, ulche

Etymology

From Old English ǣlċ, a contraction of ǣġhwylċ (compare ewilch). For the loss of /l/, compare which, swich.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛːtʃ/, /ɛtʃ/
• IPA^(key): /itʃ/, /ilk/

Determiner

ech

1. every (all of a group)
2. each (all of a group, seen individually)
3. (Early Middle English) any; at all
4. (rare) All kinds of.

Descendants

• English: each
• Scots: ilk, elk

References

• “ēch, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Pronoun

ech

1. each one
2. every one

Descendants

• English: each
• Scots: ilk, elk

References

• “ēch, pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Primitive Irish *ᚓᚊᚐᚄ (*eqas), from Proto-Celtic *ekʷos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éḱwos (“horse”). Cognates include Latin equus, Ancient Greek ἵππος (híppos), Sanskrit अश्व (áśva) and Old Armenian էշ (ēš, “donkey”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ex/

Noun

ech m (genitive eich, nominative plural eich)

1. horse

Declension

Masculine o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ech	echL	eichL
Vocative	eich	echL	eochuH
Accusative	echN	echL	eochuH
Genitive	eichL	ech	echN
Dative	eochL	echaib	echaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Synonyms

• marc

Descendants

• Middle Irish: each
  • Irish: each
  • Manx: agh, eagh
  • Scottish Gaelic: each

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ech (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ech
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ech”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

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Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛx/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛx
• Syllabification: ech

Noun

ech

1. genitive plural of echo