garš
Latvian
Etymology
From a derived adjective *gar-is of a masculine form *garyas, parallel to old neuter form *garyan (“forest, tree”), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Baltic *gar-, from the o-grade form *gʷor of (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Indo-European *gʷer- (> *h₁egʷr-), meaning “mountain, peak” and secondarily “forest” (via, e.g., “mountain surrounded by forest”), from which also “tree”. Therefore, there originally was a noun garš meaning “forest, tree”, which apparently left traces in certain Kurzeme placenames (e.g., Garatmatas, a forest in Matkule), but eventually disappeared, perhaps due to homophony with its derived adjective garš (< *garis). This adjective probably meant at first “(high) like a mountain”, “(tall, slender) like a tree” and then simply “high, tall” > “long”. Cognates include (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Lithuanian dialectal (reduplicated) gargãras, gargar̃as, gingãras (“long, tall animal or person”), Old Prussian garian (“tree”), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Russian, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Ukrainian гора́ (gorá, “mountain”), Bulgarian гора́ (gorá, “forest, mountain”), Czech hora (“mountain”) (dialectal also “forest of large trees”), Polish góra (“mountain”) (dialectal also “attic, loft”), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Serbo-Croatian dialectal gòra (“mountain, forest, tree”), Hittite [script needed] (ẖegur-, “cliff, peak, spike”).[1]
Pronunciation
Audio: | (file) |
Adjective
garš (definite garais, comparative garāks, superlative visgarākais, adverb gari)
- long (having a relatively great distance from one end to the other)
- gara aukla ― long string
- garš galds ― long table
- gara auguma cilvēks ― tall (lit. long height) person
- garas kājas ― long legs
- gari mati ― long hair
- putns ar garu knābi ― bird with a long beak
- gara ēna ― long shadow
- gara iela, upe ― long street, river
- garais pirksts ― the long finger (= middle finger)
- garie viļņi ― longwaves (radio waves with wavelength above 1,000 meters)
- (with numeric measurement in the accusative) long
- metru gara stieple ― one-meter long wire
- noiet divdesmit kilometru garu ceļa gabalu ― to go, cover a 20-kilometer long stretch of road
- long (having more than usual or necessary, appropriate, desired length; covering more of the body than usual)
- garš mētelis ― long coat
- gara kleita ― long dress
- garās zeķes ― stockings (lit. long socks)
- garie cimdi ― long gloves (e.g., women's gloves, up to the elbow)
- (of texts, speeches, etc.) long (having relatively large volume, relatively much content)
- garš romāns ― long novel
- gara poēma ― long poem
- garš teikums ― long, many-word sentence
- (of time periods) long (lasting for quite a while)
- gara ziema ― long winter
- garie ziemas vakari ― long winter evenings, nights
- garš mūžs ― long life
- garš laiks ― long, boring time (said whe none is bored)
- aiz gara laika, gara laika deļ ― because of boredom (lit. long time)
- garais gads ― leap (lit. long) year (with 366 days)
- (of events, activities) long (having a certain time duration)
- 'garš ceļojums ― a long journey
- ļoti gara saruna ― a very long conversation
- (phonetics, phonology) long (pronounced with longer duration)
- garš patskanis ― long vowel
- gara zilbe ― long syllable
- (of body parts) outstretched, extended
- Mārtiņš rokas pēc iespējas garākas izstiepis ― Mārtiņš stretched out (his) arms as far as possible
Declension
masculine (vīriešu dzimte) | feminine (sieviešu dzimte) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) |
singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) | ||||||
nominative (nominatīvs) | garš | gari | gara | garas | |||||
accusative (akuzatīvs) | garu | garus | garu | garas | |||||
genitive (ģenitīvs) | gara | garu | garas | garu | |||||
dative (datīvs) | garam | gariem | garai | garām | |||||
instrumental (instrumentālis) | garu | gariem | garu | garām | |||||
locative (lokatīvs) | garā | garos | garā | garās | |||||
vocative (vokatīvs) | — | — | — | — | |||||
Synonyms
- (of time): ilgs
Antonyms
Derived terms
References
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “garš”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN