ith

See also: i'th', iþ, ið, -ið, and íð

English

Etymology 1

From i +‎ -th (ordinal suffix).

Alternative forms

• ith
• Sometimes written as i'th or i-th

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /aɪθ/, [aɪ̯θ]

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɪθ

Adjective

ith (not comparable)

1. (mathematics) Occurring at position i in a sequence.

Related terms

• nth

Translations

occurring at position i

• Italian: i-esimo (it)

Etymology 2

From Pitman ess and ish, which it is related to phonetically and graphically, and the sound it represents.

Pronunciation

• (UK, US) IPA^(key): /ɪθ/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪθ

Noun

ith (plural iths)

1. The letter ⟨(⟩, which stands for the th sound (/θ/) in Pitman shorthand.

Related terms

• thee
• ish
• theta, the name of the IPA letter for this sound

Anagrams

• HIT, Thi, hit, iht, thi-

Albanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Albanian *its, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵʰs (“from, out of”). Related to Lithuanian i̇̀š, Latvian iz and Old Prussian is. The change in meaning is a part of the wider sematic shift of prepositions (see nga); the old meaning is preserved in the prefix sh- (partially influenced by a homonymous prefix of Latin origin continuing Latin dis-).

Adverb

ith

1. (obsolete) behind

Etymology 2

Verb

ith (aorist itha, participle ithur)

1. to follow someone

Conjugation

Standard Albanian conjugation of ith (active voice)

• Show compound tenses:  

		participle		ithur
		gerund		duke ithur
		infinitive		për të ithur
singular			plural
1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.	1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.
indicative	present	ith	ith	ith	ithim	ithni	ithin
	imperfect	ithja	ithje	ithte	ithnim	ithnit	ithnin
	aorist	itha	ithe	ithi	ithëm	ithët	ithën
perfect	kam ithur	ke ithur	ka ithur	kemi ithur	keni ithur	kanë ithur
past perfect	kisha ithur	kishe ithur	kishte ithur	kishim ithur	kishit ithur	kishin ithur
aorist II	pata ithur	pate ithur	pati ithur	patëm ithur	patët ithur	patën ithur
future1	do të ith	do të ithësh	do të ithë	do të ithim	do të ithni	do të ithin
future perfect2	do të kem ithur	do të kesh ithur	do të ketë ithur	do të kemi ithur	do të keni ithur	do të kenë ithur
subjunctive	present	të ith	të ithësh	të ithë	të ithim	të ithni	të ithin
imperfect	të ithja	të ithje	të ithte	të ithnim	të ithnit	të ithnin
perfect	të kem ithur	të kesh ithur	të ketë ithur	të kemi ithur	të keni ithur	të kenë ithur
past perfect	të kisha ithur	të kishe ithur	të kishte ithur	të kishim ithur	të kishit ithur	të kishin ithur
conditional1, 2	imperfect	do të ithja	do të ithje	do të ithte	do të ithnim	do të ithnit	do të ithnin
	past perfect	do të kisha ithur	do të kishe ithur	do të kishte ithur	do të kishim ithur	do të kishit ithur	do të kishin ithur
optative	present	ithsha	ithsh	ithtë	ithshim	ithshi	ithshin
perfect	paça ithur	paç ithur	pastë ithur	paçim ithur	paçit ithur	paçin ithur
admirative	present	ithkam	ithke	ithka	ithkemi	ithkeni	ithkan
	imperfect	ithkësha	ithkëshe	ithkësh	ithkëshim	ithkëshit	ithkëshin
perfect	paskam ithur	paske ithur	paska ithur	paskemi ithur	paskeni ithur	paskan ithur
past perfect	paskësha ithur	paskëshe ithur	paskësh ithur	paskëshim ithur	paskëshit ithur	paskëshin ithur
imperative	present	—	ith	—	—	ithni	—
1) indicative future identical with conditional present 2) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Related terms

• ind

Further reading

• FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[1], 1980

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /i(h)/
• (Aran) IPA^(key): /iː/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /iç/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ithid (“eats, bites, devours; grazes”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸiteti, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt-. The future stem is from Old Irish ·íss, from Proto-Celtic *ɸiɸitsāti.

Verb

ith (present analytic itheann, future analytic íosfaidh, verbal noun ithe, past participle ite)

1. to eat

Conjugation

conjugation of ith (irregular)

verbal noun	ithe
past participle	ite
tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative
present	ithim	itheann tú; ithir†	itheann sé, sí	ithimid; itheann muid	itheann sibh	itheann siad; ithid†	a itheann; a itheas / a n-itheann*; a n-itheas*	itear
past	d'ith mé; d'itheas / ith mé‡; itheas‡	d'ith tú; d'ithis / ith tú‡; ithis‡	d'ith sé, sí / ith sé, sí‡	d'itheamar; d'ith muid / itheamar‡; ith muid‡	d'ith sibh; d'itheabhair / ith sibh‡; itheabhair‡	d'ith siad; d'itheadar / ith siad‡; itheadar‡	a d'ith / ar ith*	itheadh; hitheadh†
past habitual	d'ithinn / ithinn‡; n-ithinn‡‡	d'iteá / iteá‡; n-iteᇇ	d'itheadh sé, sí / itheadh sé, sí‡; n-itheadh‡‡	d'ithimis; d'itheadh muid / ithimis‡; itheadh muid‡; n-ithimis‡‡; n-itheadh muid‡‡	d'itheadh sibh / itheadh sibh‡; n-itheadh sibh‡‡	d'ithidís; d'itheadh siad / ithidís‡; itheadh siad‡; n-ithidís‡‡; n-itheadh siad‡‡	a d'itheadh / a n-itheadh*	d'ití / ití‡; n-it퇇
future	íosfaidh mé; íosfad	íosfaidh tú; íosfair†	íosfaidh sé, sí	íosfaimid; íosfaidh muid	íosfaidh sibh	íosfaidh siad; íosfaid†	a íosfaidh, a íosfas / a n-íosfaidh*; a n-íosfas*	íosfar
conditional	d'íosfainn / íosfainn‡; n-íosfainn‡‡	d'íosfá / íosfá‡; n-íosfᇇ	d'íosfadh sé, sí / íosfadh sé, sí‡; n-íosfadh sé, s퇇	d'íosfaimis; d'íosfadh muid / íosfaimis‡; íosfadh muid‡; n-íosfaimis‡‡; n-íosfadh muid‡‡	d'íosfadh sibh / íosfadh sibh‡; n-íosfadh sibh‡‡	d'íosfaidís; d'íosfadh siad / íosfaidís‡; íosfadh siad‡; n-íosfaidís‡‡; n-íosfadh siad‡‡	a d'íosfadh / a n-íosfadh*	d'íosfaí / íosfaí‡; n-íosfa퇇
subjunctive
present	go n-ithe mé; go n-ithead†	go n-ithe tú; go n-ithir†	go n-ithe sé, sí	go n-ithimid; go n-ithe muid	go n-ithe sibh	go n-ithe siad; go n-ithid†	—	go n-itear
past	dá n-ithinn	dá n-iteá	dá n-itheadh sé, sí	dá n-ithimis; dá n-itheadh muid	dá n-itheadh sibh	dá n-ithidís; dá n-itheadh siad	—	dá n-ití
imperative
–	ithim	ith	itheadh sé, sí	ithimis	ithigí; ithidh†	ithidís	—	itear

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡ dependent form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis (except an)

in parts of Munster (e.g. Cape Clear Island, County Clare), the following forms of the past tense are found in addition to the those listed above:

tense	singular			plural			relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative
past	duas	duais	duaidh sé, sí	duamair	duabhair	duadar	a dhuaidh / ar dhuaidh*	duadh

Related terms

• ioth (“corn, grain”)

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ith”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ithid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Holmer, Nils M. (1962) The Dialects of Co. Clare, part I, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, page 151
• Ó Buachalla, Breandán (2003) An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chléire (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, →ISBN, page 82

Etymology 2

Noun

ith f (genitive singular eatha)

1. Alternative form of ioth (“corn, grain”)

Declension

Declension of ith (third declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative ith — vocative a ith — genitive eatha — dative ith — forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an ith — genitive na heatha — dative leis an ith —

Mutation

Mutated forms of ith

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ith	n-ith	hith	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *ɸitu, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt- (“food, nutrition”); from the same root is derived ithid (“to eat”). Cognate with Welsh ŷd.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iθ/

Noun

ith n (genitive etho, no plural)

1. corn, grain

Declension

Neuter u-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ithN	—	—
vocative	ithN	—	—
accusative	ithN	—	—
genitive	ethoH, athoH	—	—
dative	ithL	—	—

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

• Irish: ioth
• Scottish Gaelic: ioth

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iθʲ/

Verb

ith

1. second-person singular imperative of ithid

Mutation

Mutation of ith

radical	lenition	nasalization
ith (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ith

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ith”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Old Irish ithid (“eats, bites, devours; grazes”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸiteti, from Proto-Indo-European *peyt-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iç/

Verb

ith (past dh'ith, future ithidh, verbal noun ithe, past participle ithte)

1. eat

   Ith do leòr! ― Bon appetit!

   Ith, òl agus bi subhach! ― Eat, drink, and be merry!

Conjugation

Conjugation of ith (regular)

stem		ith
verbal noun		ithe
past participle		ithte
		singular			plural			impersonal
		first	second	third m/f	first	second	third
independent	past	dh'ith mi	dh'ith thu	dh'ith e/i	dh'ith sinn	dh'ith sibh	dh'ith iad	dh'itheadh
	future	ithidh mi	ithidh tu	ithidh e/i	ithidh sinn	ithidh sibh	ithidh iad	ithear ithtear
	conditional	dh'ithinn	dh'itheadh tu	dh'itheadh e/i	dh'itheamaid dh'itheadh sinn	dh'itheadh sibh	dh'itheadh iad	dh'ithteadh dh'ithist1 dh'ithiste1
negative	past	cha do dh'ith mi	cha do dh'ith thu	cha do dh'ith e/i	cha do dh'ith sinn	cha do dh'ith sibh	cha do dh'ith iad	cha do dh'itheadh
	future	chan ith mi	chan ith thu	chan ith e/i	chan ith sinn	chan ith sibh	chan ith iad	chan ithear chan ithtear
	conditional	chan ithinn	chan itheadh tu	chan itheadh e/i	chan itheamaid chan itheadh sinn	chan itheadh sibh	chan itheadh iad	chan ithteadh chan ithist1 chan ithiste1
affirmative interrogative	past	an do dh'ith mi?	an do dh'ith thu?	an do dh'ith e/i?	an do dh'ith sinn?	an do dh'ith sibh?	an do dh'ith iad?	an do dh'itheadh?
	future	an ith mi?	an ith thu?	an ith e/i?	an ith sinn?	an ith sibh?	an ith iad?	an ithear? an ithtear?
	conditional	an ithinn?	an itheadh tu?	an itheadh e/i?	an itheamaid? an itheadh sinn?	an itheadh sibh?	an itheadh iad?	an ithteadh? an ithist?1 an ithiste?1
negative interrogative	past	nach do dh'ith mi?	nach do dh'ith thu?	nach do dh'ith e/i?	nach do dh'ith sinn?	nach do dh'ith sibh?	nach do dh'ith iad?	nach do dh'itheadh?
	future	nach ith mi?	nach ith thu?	nach ith e/i?	nach ith sinn?	nach ith sibh?	nach ith iad?	nach ithear? nach ithtear?
	conditional	nach ithinn?	nach itheadh tu?	nach itheadh e/i?	nach itheamaid? nach itheadh sinn?	nach itheadh sibh?	nach itheadh iad?	nach ithteadh? nach ithist?1 nach ithiste?1
relative future	affirmative	(ma) dh'itheas mi	(ma) dh'itheas thu	(ma) dh'itheas e/i	(ma) dh'itheas sinn	(ma) dh'itheas sibh	(ma) dh'itheas iad	(ma) dh'ithear
	negative	(mur) ith mi	(mur) ith thu	(mur) ith e/i	(mur) ith sinn	(mur) ith sibh	(mur) ith iad	(mur) ithear (mur) ithtear
imperative		itheam	ith	itheadh e/i	itheamaid	ithibh	itheadh iad	ithear ithtear

¹ Lewis dialect form

Derived terms

• bioran-ithe (“chopstick”)
• bun-itheadair (“primary consumer”)
• feòil-itheach (“carnivore”)
• feòil-itheadair (“carnivorous”)
• feur-itheach, lus-itheach (“herbivore”)
• iar-itheadair (“secondary consumer”)
• itheadair (“eater”)
• itheadair-sheanganan (“anteater”)
• lus-itheadair (“herbivorous”)
• mì-rian ithe (“eating disorder”)
• seòmar-ithe (“dining room”)
• so-ithe, ion-ithe (“edible”)
• uidheam-ithe (“(a piece of) cutlery”)
• uil-itheadair (“omnivore”)

References

• Edward Dwelly (1911) “ith”, in Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan [The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary]‎^[2], 10th edition, Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ithid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Welsh

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.). Not related to gwenith (“wheat”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iːθ/
• Rhymes: -iːθ

Noun

ith m (plural ithion or ithau)

1. (not in science) particle, atom, a grain

   Synonyms: mymryn, gronyn, brot, atom

2. grain, corn.

   Synonym: gronyn

Derived terms

• ithfaen (“granite”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of ith

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ith	unchanged	unchanged	hith

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ith”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies