roh

See also: Roh, ROH, róh, röh, and рог

Translingual

Etymology

Abbreviation of English Romansch or Romansh romansch, romontsch,.

Symbol

roh

1. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Romansh.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Romansh terms

Bouyei

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *l̩.noːkᴰ (“outside”). Cognate with Thai นอก (nɔ̂ɔk), Lao ນອກ (nǭk), Lü ᦓᦸᧅ (noak), Shan ၼွၵ်ႈ (nāuk), Ahom 𑜃𑜨𑜀𑜫 (nok), Zhuang rog.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /zo˧/

Adjective

roh

1. out; outside

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech roh, from Proto-Slavic *rogъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈrox]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

roh m inan (diminutive růžek)

1. horn (a hard growth of keratin that protrudes from the top of the head of certain animals)
2. horn (any of several musical wind instruments)
3. corner (of a street)
4. corner (the space in the angle between converging walls which meet in a point)

   Synonym: kout

Declension

Declension of roh (velar masculine inanimate)

	singular	plural
nominative	roh	rohy
genitive	rohu	rohů
dative	rohu	rohům
accusative	roh	rohy
vocative	rohu	rohy
locative	rohu	rozích
instrumental	rohem	rohy

Derived terms

adjectives

• nárožní
• rohatý
• rohovějící
• rohovitý
• rohový

nouns

• jednorožec
• kozorožec
• nároží
• nosorožec
• paroh
• paroží
• přímorožec
• roh hojnosti
• roháč
• rohlík
• rohovatění
• rohovina
• rohovka
• růžek

verbs

• rohovatět

Further reading

• “roh”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “roh”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
• “roh”, in Internetová jazyková příručka (in Czech), 2008–2026

German

Etymology

From Middle High German rō, from Old High German (h)rō, from Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-. Cognate with Dutch rauw, English raw. In Old High German only the uninflected stem was monophthongised to -ō. Various ways of levelling yielded many variants in Middle High German (including rō, rōch, rou, rā). The contemporary form has been standard since the 17th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʁoː/
• Rhymes: -oː

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Adjective

roh (strong nominative masculine singular roher, comparative roher, superlative am rohsten or am rohesten)

1. raw (uncooked)
2. unprocessed, crude, raw
3. (figuratively) unrefined, rude, brutal

Declension

Positive forms of roh

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist roh	sie ist roh	es ist roh	sie sind roh
strong declension (without article)	nominative	roher	rohe	rohes	rohe
	genitive	rohen	roher	rohen	roher
	dative	rohem	roher	rohem	rohen
	accusative	rohen	rohe	rohes	rohe
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der rohe	die rohe	das rohe	die rohen
	genitive	des rohen	der rohen	des rohen	der rohen
	dative	dem rohen	der rohen	dem rohen	den rohen
	accusative	den rohen	die rohe	das rohe	die rohen
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein roher	eine rohe	ein rohes	(keine) rohen
	genitive	eines rohen	einer rohen	eines rohen	(keiner) rohen
	dative	einem rohen	einer rohen	einem rohen	(keinen) rohen
	accusative	einen rohen	eine rohe	ein rohes	(keine) rohen

Comparative forms of roh

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist roher	sie ist roher	es ist roher	sie sind roher
strong declension (without article)	nominative	roherer	rohere	roheres	rohere
	genitive	roheren	roherer	roheren	roherer
	dative	roherem	roherer	roherem	roheren
	accusative	roheren	rohere	roheres	rohere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der rohere	die rohere	das rohere	die roheren
	genitive	des roheren	der roheren	des roheren	der roheren
	dative	dem roheren	der roheren	dem roheren	den roheren
	accusative	den roheren	die rohere	das rohere	die roheren
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein roherer	eine rohere	ein roheres	(keine) roheren
	genitive	eines roheren	einer roheren	eines roheren	(keiner) roheren
	dative	einem roheren	einer roheren	einem roheren	(keinen) roheren
	accusative	einen roheren	eine rohere	ein roheres	(keine) roheren

Superlative forms of roh

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am rohsten er ist am rohesten	sie ist am rohsten sie ist am rohesten	es ist am rohsten es ist am rohesten	sie sind am rohsten sie sind am rohesten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	rohster rohester	rohste roheste	rohstes rohestes	rohste roheste
	genitive	rohsten rohesten	rohster rohester	rohsten rohesten	rohster rohester
	dative	rohstem rohestem	rohster rohester	rohstem rohestem	rohsten rohesten
	accusative	rohsten rohesten	rohste roheste	rohstes rohestes	rohste roheste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der rohste der roheste	die rohste die roheste	das rohste das roheste	die rohsten die rohesten
	genitive	des rohsten des rohesten	der rohsten der rohesten	des rohsten des rohesten	der rohsten der rohesten
	dative	dem rohsten dem rohesten	der rohsten der rohesten	dem rohsten dem rohesten	den rohsten den rohesten
	accusative	den rohsten den rohesten	die rohste die roheste	das rohste das roheste	die rohsten die rohesten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein rohster ein rohester	eine rohste eine roheste	ein rohstes ein rohestes	(keine) rohsten (keine) rohesten
	genitive	eines rohsten eines rohesten	einer rohsten einer rohesten	eines rohsten eines rohesten	(keiner) rohsten (keiner) rohesten
	dative	einem rohsten einem rohesten	einer rohsten einer rohesten	einem rohsten einem rohesten	(keinen) rohsten (keinen) rohesten
	accusative	einen rohsten einen rohesten	eine rohste eine roheste	ein rohstes ein rohestes	(keine) rohsten (keine) rohesten

Further reading

• “roh” in Duden online
• “roh” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Hunsrik

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /roː/

Adjective

roh

1. raw

   Rohe Frichte sin gud fer die Gesundheet se halle.

   Raw fruits are good for your health.

Declension

Declension of roh (see also Appendix:Hunsrik adjectives)

		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
weak inflection	nominative	roh	roh	roh	rohe
	accusative	rohe	roh	roh	rohe
	dative	rohe	rohe	rohe	rohe
strong inflection	nominative	roher	rohe	rohes	rohe
	accusative	rohe	rohe	rohes	rohe
	dative	rohem	roher	rohem	rohe

Further reading

• Boll, Piter Kehoma (2021), “roh”, in Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense–Português, 3rd edition (overall work in Portuguese), Ivoti: Riograndenser Hunsrickisch

Iban

Etymology

From Malay roh, from Arabic رُوح (rūḥ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈrɔh]

Noun

roh

1. spirit

Derived terms

• Roh Kudus

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay roh, ruh, from Classical Malay roh, ruh, from Arabic رُوح (rūḥ). Doublet of arwah.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈroh/ [ˈrɔh]
• Rhymes: -oh
• Syllabification: roh

Noun

roh (plural roh-roh)

1. spirit
   1. a supernatural being without physical form; ghost, fairy, angel

      Synonyms: arwah, spirit

   2. (figurative) energy; ardour

      Synonyms: semangat, spirit

   3. the soul of a person or other creature

      Synonyms: arwah, atma, jiwa, hidup, kehidupan, nyawa, sukma

Alternative forms

• rokh
• ruh (nonstandard)

Compounds

• roh halus
• roh jahat
• roh Kudus
• roh suci

Further reading

• “roh”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rogъ. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈroɣ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈrox/

Noun

roh m inan

1. horn

   dosáhnúti někomu živého rohu ― to touch a raw nerve

2. corner

   dáti někomu v roh ― to drive someone into the corner

Declension

Declension of roh (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	roh	rohy	rozi, rohové
genitive	roha, rohu	rohú	rohóv
dative	rohu	rohoma	rohóm
accusative	roh	rohy	rohy
vocative	rože	rohy	rozi, rohové
locative	rozě, rohu	rohú	roziech
instrumental	rohem	rohoma	rohy

This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.

Descendants

• Czech: roh

Further reading

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “roh”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas

Proto-Slavic *rogъ

Old Slovak roh

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rogъ.

Noun

roh m inan (relational adjective rohový)

1. horn (a hard, hollow or solid outgrowth on the head of cattle, goats, or deer)
   • 1778, PT 1778. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     yelen z rohámi ozbrogeny dospeleho weku žhrebcúw prewissuge

     a stag armed with horns [antlers] of mature age surpasses stallions

   tvrdý ako roh ― as hard as nails (literally, “hard as a horn”)

   slušať ako pre sviňe rohy ― to be completely inappropriate, unfit (literally, “to fit like horns for swine”)

   vyvyšovať roh ― to show off (literally, “to raise the horn”)

   zraziť rohy ― to take someone down a peg (literally, “to knock off the horns”)

   mať seno v rohu ― to be a blockhead (literally, “to have hay in the horn”)

2. hoof, horn (of horses or livestock: the keratinous part of the foot)
   • 1769, AP 1769. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     angula: kopito, roh

     angula: hoof, horn

3. (music) horn (a wind instrument originally made from animal horn used for signaling or music)
   • 18th c., MiK 18. st. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     začali diabli strassne ručaty... na rohach trubity

     the devils began to roar terribly... to blast on horns

   trúbiť do jedného rohu ― to sing from the same hymnbook (literally, “to blow into one horn”)

4. horn, container (a vessel made from a hollow horn used for storage, often for medicine or ritual)
   • 17th c., LR1 17. st. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     wsip do rohu krawskeho čisteho a zamass woskem

     pour [it] into a clean cow horn and seal it with wax

5. corner, angle, point (a sharp projecting part or the meeting point of two edges)
   • 1634, T. TEPLÁ 1634. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     odtud zas gest chotar dobransky na roh skaly

     from there the Dobrá boundary is again at the corner [point] of the rock

6. beam, rafter, pole (a long piece of timber or a wooden rod used in roofing)
   • 1716, LIPTOV 1716. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     ma sy rohou, lat narubat a na swu wlasny potrebu obratyt

     he is to hew beams and laths for his own use

7. corner, street corner (the place where streets or paths meet)
   • 1651, KRUPINA 1651. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     dom pri uliczky lazobneg na rohu ležiczy

     a house by the bath lane lying on the corner

8. corner, nook (the space enclosed by two merging walls)
   • 1785, BR 1785. In: Historický slovník slovenského jazyka (Bratislava: Veda, 2000):

     množstwý lámp a swíc bil kosťelník po wssech rohéch powessal

     the sacristan had hung a multitude of lamps and candles in all the corners

Descendants

• Slovak: roh

Further reading

• Majtán, Milan et al., editors (1991–2008), “roh”, in Historický slovník slovenského jazyka [Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language] (in Slovak), volumes 1–7 (A – Ž), Bratislava: VEDA, →OCLC

Simalungun Batak

Etymology

From Proto-Batak *rəh.

Verb

roh

1. to come; to attend

References

• Zufri Hidayat et al. (2015). Kamus Bahasa Simalungun–Indonesia (2nd ed.). Medan: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sumatera Utara, p.197.

Slovak

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas

Proto-Slavic *rogъ

Old Slovak roh

Slovak roh

Inherited from Old Slovak roh.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /rɔx/, [ˈrɔx]
• Rhymes: -ɔx

Noun

roh m inan (relational adjective rohový)

1. horn (a hard, hollow permanent growth on the head of certain mammals)

   narástli mu rohy ― to get too big for one's boots (literally, “horns grew on him”)

   ukázať svoje rohy ― to show one's true colors (literally, “to show one's horns”)

   tma ako v rohu ― pitch black (literally, “dark like in a horn”)

   oblámať niekomu rohy ― to take someone down a peg (literally, “to break someone's horns”)

   tvrdý ako roh ― hard as nails (literally, “hard as a horn”)

   Starý baran mal mohutné, špirálovito zatočené rohy. ― The old ram had massive, spirally curved horns.

2. (music) horn (a musical or signaling instrument, originally made from an animal horn)

   Synonym: trúba

   Z hlbokého lesa sa ozval prenikavý zvuk loveckého rohu. ― The piercing sound of a hunting horn echoed from the deep forest.

3. horn-shaped container (a vessel, such as a drinking horn or the horn of plenty)

   roh hojnosti ― the horn of plenty / cornucopia (literally, “horn of abundance”)

   Hostia na hostine pili silnú medovinu z vyrezávaných volských rohov. ― The guests at the feast drank strong mead from carved ox horns.

4. (metonymic) handle, bump, horn (an object or part resembling a horn, e.g., a handle, a bump on the head, spinal horns, etc.)

   Po náraze do dverí mu na čele v okamihu narástol poriadny roh. ― After hitting the door, a proper bump grew on his forehead in an instant.

5. (colloquial) keratin, horn (the hard material of which horns or hooves are composed)

   Synonym: rohovina

   Kôň si na ostrom kameni nepríjemne rozrazil kopytný roh. ― The horse unpleasantly split its hoof horn on a sharp stone.

6. corner, edge, vertex (the point or area where two edges or surfaces meet)

   Synonym: vrchol

   Poznačil si dôležité telefónne číslo na roh novín. ― He noted down an important phone number on the corner of the newspaper.

7. street corner, corner of a building (the external angle of a building or the place where two streets intersect)

   Synonym: nárožie

   na každom rohu ― everywhere (literally, “on every corner”)

   zahnúť za roh ― to turn the corner / to disappear (literally, “to bend behind the corner”)

   Stretneme sa presne o piatej na rohu ulice pri tom starom kníhkupectve. ― We will meet exactly at five on the street corner by that old bookstore.

8. corner (of a room), nook (the internal angle formed by two meeting walls; also a corner of a field or goal)

   Synonym: kút

   V hornom rohu izby si pavúk nepozorovane utkal veľkú sieť. ― In the upper corner of the room, a spider unnoticed wove a large web.

9. (sports, slang) corner kick, corner throw (a play in football or basketball initiated from the corner)

   Synonym: rohový kop

   Domáci tím v poslednej minúte zápasu vybojoval rozhodujúci roh. ― The home team won a decisive corner (kick) in the last minute of the match.

Declension

Declension of roh
(pattern dub)

	singular	plural
nominative	roh	rohy
genitive	rohu	rohov
dative	rohu	rohom
accusative	roh	rohy
locative	rohu	rohoch
instrumental	rohom	rohmi, rohami

Derived terms

adjectives

• rohatý

nouns

• jednorožec
• kozorožec
• nosorožec
• roháč
• rožok
• rožtek

Further reading

• “roh”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

Zazaki

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɾoː/
• Hyphenation: roh

Noun

roh m

1. alternative form of ruh