凌

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See also: 淩
凌 U+51CC, 凌
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CC
← 凋
[U+51CB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凍 →
[U+51CD]
凌 U+F955, 凌
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F955
← 凜
[U+F954] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 稜 →
[U+F956]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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凌 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一土金水 (IMGCE), four-corner 34147, composition ⿰冫夌)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1669
  • Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+51CC

Chinese

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trad. 凌
simp. # 凌
alternative forms 淩
夌
淩 not usually used for “ice”

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (夌) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
棱 *rɯːŋ
稜 *rɯːŋ
輘 *rɯːŋ
倰 *rɯːŋ
祾 *rɯːŋ, *rɯŋ
踜 *rɯːŋs
凌 *rɯŋ
菱 *rɯŋ
陵 *rɯŋ
綾 *rɯŋ
鯪 *rɯŋ
淩 *rɯŋ
夌 *rɯŋ
蔆 *rɯŋ
崚 *rɯŋ
掕 *rɯŋ
𩜁 *rɯŋs
庱 *r̥ʰɯŋ, *r̥ʰɯŋʔ
睖 *r̥ʰɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT).

Insides Sinitic, 凌 (OC *p.rəŋ ~ [r]əŋ) is cognate with 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ), 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “*ʔraŋ”) "snowflake, sleet", & possibly also 凝 (OC [ŋ](r)əŋ) "to congeal" (STEDT; Baxter and Sagart, 2014);
Outsides Sinitic, cognate with Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”) (STEDT; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Alternatively, 冰 (OC *prjəŋ ~ prəŋ?) and 凌 (OC *b-rjəŋ ~ rəŋ) may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”) from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • ling2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • leng2 - literary.
Rime
Character 凌
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 蒸 (133)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力膺切
Baxter ling
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lieŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/liŋ/
Li
Rong 		/liəŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lĭəŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯əŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凌 凌
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		líng líng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ling › ‹ ling ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]əŋ/ /*p.rəŋ/
English transgress; attack ice

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凌
Reading # 1/1
No. 8244
Phonetic
component 		夌
Rime
group 		蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		陵
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯŋ/

Definitions

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凌

  1. ice
  2. to rise high; to go up; to climb over; to traverse
    alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
  3. to place oneself above; to override; to transgress
    alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
  4. to ride (wind, etc.)
  5. to bully and humiliate; to insult; to encroach on; to invade
    alt. forms: 陵 (líng)
  6. to risk; to brave
  7. to approach; to draw near; to close in on
  8. to tremble
  9. disorderly; messy
  10. a surname
    凌濛初  ―  Líng Méngchū  ―  Ling Mengchu (Ming dynasty Chinese writer)

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 冰 (“ice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冰, 凌
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冰
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冰
Taiwan 冰
Chifeng 冰, 冰冰
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冰
Harbin 冰
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 冰
Shenyang 冰, 凍
Singapore 冰
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) 冰
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 冰
Tangshan 冰
Cangzhou 冰
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 凌
Baoding 冰
Shijiazhuang 冰
Weifang (Weicheng) 凍凍
Weifang (Fangzi) 凍凍
Changle 凍凍
Shouguang 凍凍
Rizhao 凍凍
Wulian 凍凍
Jinan 冰, 凍凍
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冰
Qingdao 冰
Weifang (Hanting) 凍凍
Changyi 凍凍
Gaomi 凍凍
Zhucheng 凍凍
Anqiu 凍凍
Linqu 凍凍
Qingzhou 凍凍
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冰, 冰凌
Wanrong 冬凌
Zhengzhou 冰
Xi'an 冰
Dingbian 冰
Xining 冰
Xuzhou 凍凍, 冰冰, 冰
Qimen (Anling Junhua) 冰凍
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冰
Lanzhou 冰, 凍
Ürümqi 冰
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冰, 凌冰, 凌冰兒
Muli 凌冰子
Chongqing 冰, 凌冰兒
Wuhan 凌, 凌冰, 冰, 凍
Guiyang 冰, 凌冰 in nature
Kunming 冰凌
Guilin 冰
Pingle 冰
Liuzhou 冰
Luzhai 冰
Nanning (Wuming) 冰
Binyang (Nanjie) 冰
Hechi (Yizhou) 冰
Luocheng (Dongmen) 冰
Tianlin (Langping) 凝
Xiangzhou (Nalu) 冰
Reshuitang (Longling) 冰
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冰
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 冰
Oudomxay 冰棒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 冰, 凍
Yangzhou 冰
Nantong 凍
Hefei 冰凍, 冰
Chuzhou 冰凍
Hong'an 凌冰
Cantonese Guangzhou 雪, 冰
Hong Kong 冰, 雪
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 冰
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 冰
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 冰
Zhongshan (Chongkoumen, Nanlang; Tanka) 冰, 雪
Taishan 冰
Taishan (Guanghai) 冰, 雪
Dongguan 冰, 雪
Yangjiang 冰
Wuzhou 冰
Yulin 冰
Hepu (Lianzhou) 冰
Hepu (Shatian) 冰
Guiping (Jintian) 冰
Guiping (Jiangkou) 冰
Guiping (Madong) 冰
Beiliu 冰
Baise 冰
Qinzhou 冰
Qinzhou (Changtan) 冰
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 冰
Beihai 冰
Beihai (Nankang) 冰
Beihai (Yingpan) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冰
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冰
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰, 霜 dated
Fusui (Qujiu) 冰, 霜 dated
Lingchuan (Yangjia) 冰
Danzhou 冰
Sanya (Yanglan Maihua) 冰
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冰
Singapore (Guangfu) 冰
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冰
Móng Cái 冰
Yangon (Taishan) 冰
Mandalay (Taishan) 冰
Gan Nanchang 冰, 冰凌
Pengze 凌冰
Yanshan 冰
Lichuan 冰凌
Pingxiang 冰, 凌冰 dated; in nature
Hakka Meixian 凝, 冰
Xingning 凝餅
Huidong (Daling) 凝
Dongguan (Qingxi) 冰
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冰
Wuhua (Huacheng) 硬凝
Wuhua (Changbu) 凝
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冰
Heyuan (Bendihua) 冰
Wengyuan 冰
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 硬凝
Liannan 冰
Jiexi 冰
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 冰
Changting 凌冰
Wuping 凌冰
Wuping (Yanqian) 凌冰
Wuping (Pingyu) 硬凝
Liancheng 凌冰
Liancheng (Peitian) 凌冰
Ninghua 凌冰
Yudu 冰
Ningdu 凌冰
Ruijin 凌冰
Shicheng 凌冰
Shangyou (Shexi) 硬構
Tonggu (Sandu) 凌冰
Ganzhou (Panlong) 凌冰
Dayu 凌冰
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冰
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冰
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冰
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冰
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冰
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冰
Hong Kong 冰
Yangxi (Tangkou) 冰
Yangchun (Sanjia) 冰
Xinyi (Sihe) 雪
Xinyi (Qianpai) 冰
Gaozhou (Xindong) 冰
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 冰
Huazhou (Xin'an) 冰
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 冰
Lianjiang (Qingping) 冰
Mengshan (Xihe) 冰
Luchuan 冰
Bobai (Shahe) 冰
Bobai (Longtan) 冰
Bobai (Lingping) 冰
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 冰
Xingye (Gaofeng) 冰
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 冰
Pingle (Tong'an) 冰
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冰
Senai (Huiyang) 冰
Singkawang 雪
Pontianak (Meixian) 雪
Huizhou Jixi 冰, 凍冰
Shexian (Xianggao) 冰
Shexian (Daguyun) 冰, 凍冰
Qimen (Anling Minhua) 冰凍
Jin Taiyuan 冰, 冰凌
Datong 冰
Datong (Yunzhou) 冰
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 冰凌
Xinzhou 冬蠟
Changzhi 冰凌
Linhe 冰
Jining 冰
Hohhot 冰
Handan 冰
Northern Min Jian'ou 冰, 霜冰
Pucheng (Shibei) 冰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 冰
Gutian 冰
Southern Min Xiamen 冰, 霜
Quanzhou 冰, 霜
Zhangzhou 冰, 霜
Tainan 冰
Penang (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Singapore (Hokkien) 霜, 冰
Manila (Hokkien) 霜
Pingnan (Pingtian) 冰
Guiping (Xiaowen) 冰
Guiping (Dongsheng) 冰
Guilin (Biyange) 冰
Chaozhou 霜, 冰
Shantou 冰
Jieyang 冰
Bangkok (Teochew) 霜水
Phnom Penh (Teochew) 冰霜
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 冰
Singapore (Teochew) 霜
Pontianak (Teochew) 冰
Wenchang 冰
Haikou 冰
Central Min Yong'an 霜冰
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 冰
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冰
Nanning (Gejiayuan) 冰
Nanning (Zhegulu) 冰
Nanning (Silian) 冰
Nanning (Xiuxiang) 冰
Binyang 冰
Chongzuo (Laituan) 冰
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 冰
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 冰
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冰
Lingchuan (Gaoqiao) 冰
Guanyang (Guanyinge) 雪
Shehua Fu'an 冰
Fuding 冰
Luoyuan 冰
Sanming 冰
Shunchang 冰
Hua'an 冰
Guixi (Zhangping) 冰
Cangnan 冰
Jingning (Hexi) 冰
Lishui 冰
Longyou 冰
Chaozhou 冰
Fengshun 雪
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 涼槓
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 凝鉤子
Wu Shanghai 冰
Shanghai (Songjiang) 冰
Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong) 冰
Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan) 冰
Shanghai (Chongming) 冰
Suzhou 冰
Suzhou (Lili, Wujiang) 冰
Suzhou (Shengze, Wujiang) 冰
Wuxi 冰
Changshu 冰, 冰凍
Kunshan 冰
Jiaxing 冰
Changzhou 冰, 結冰
Liyang 冰
Yixing 冰
Danyang 冰, 凍
Danyang (Tongjiaqiao) 冰
Jingjiang 冰
Jiangyin 冰
Huzhou (Shuanglin) 冰
Hangzhou 冰
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 冰
Shaoxing 冰
Zhuji (Wangjiajing) 冰凍
Shengzhou (Chongren) 冰
Shengzhou (Taiping) 冰
Ningbo 冰
Yuyao 冰
Taizhou (Huangyan) 冰
Wenzhou 冰, 霜冰 in nature
Quzhou 冰
Jinhua 冰
Jinhua (Tangxi) 冰
Yongkang 冰
Xiang Changsha 凌, 凌冰 in nature
Xiangxiang 冰
Xiangxiang (Meiqiao) 凌構子
Shuangfeng 構冷子
Hengshan 冰
Hengshan (Baiguo) 冰
Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao) 冰, 凌, 凌構

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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凌

  1. † to freeze up; to form ice

Japanese

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Kanji

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凌

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. endure
  2. keep (rain) out
  3. stave off
  4. tide over
  5. defy
  6. slight
  7. surpass

Readings

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  • On (unclassified): りょう (ryō)
  • Kun: しのぐ (shinogu, 凌ぐ)

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 凌 (MC ling).

Hanja

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凌 (eumhun 업신여길 릉 (eopsinyeogil reung), word-initial (South Korea) 업신여길 능 (eopsinyeogil neung))
凌 (eumhun 능가할 릉 (neunggahal reung), word-initial (South Korea) 능가할 능 (neunggahal neung))

  1. hanja form? of 릉 (“to place oneself above; to override”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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凌: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn, lâng, lừng, rưng, dưng

  1. Surname
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