凝

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Translingual

Han character

凝 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈一心大人 (IMPKO), four-corner 37181, composition ⿰冫疑)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
  • Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
  • Unihan data for U+51DD

Chinese

trad. 凝
simp. # 凝
alternative forms 冰
𣲝
𡷪
𠘥

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
礙 *ŋɯːs
儗 *ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝 *ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺 *ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡 *ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑 *ŋɯ
嶷 *ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺 *ŋɯ
擬 *ŋɯʔ
薿 *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝 *ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Pronunciation

Note:
  • gêng - literary;
  • gîn - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngêng5 / ngiêng5 / geng5 / ngang5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngiêng / kṳ̂ng / ngâng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • ngêng5/ngiêng5 - literary (ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • geng5 - vernacular;
  • ngang5 - vernacular (dialectal usage, "cold").
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 凝
    Mandarin Beijing /niŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /niŋ²⁴/ ～固
    /niŋ⁵³/ 肉湯～了
    Tianjin /niŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ȵiŋ⁴²/
    /iŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /niŋ⁴²/
    /iŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /niŋ⁴²/
    /iŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /niŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ȵiə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /niŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ȵĩn⁵³/
    /lĩn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ȵiŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /nin²¹³/
    Chengdu /ȵin³¹/
    Guiyang /nin²¹/
    Kunming /nĩ³¹/
    Nanjing /lin²⁴/
    Hefei /lin⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /niəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /ȵiŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /nĩŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ȵiŋ²³/
    Suzhou /ȵin¹³/
    Hangzhou /ȵin²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ȵaŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /niʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi
    Xiang Changsha /ȵin¹³/
    Xiangtan /ȵin¹²/
    Gan Nanchang
    Hakka Meixian /kʰen¹¹/
    Taoyuan
    Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
    Nanning /neŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋiŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋi²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ŋeŋ³¹/
    /xeŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 凝 凝
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 蒸 (133) 蒸 (133)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) III III
    Fanqie 魚陵切 牛𩜁切
    Baxter nging ngingH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋɨŋ/ /ŋɨŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋieŋ/ /ŋieŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋiŋ/ /ŋiŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋiəŋ/ /ŋiəŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋĭəŋ/ /ŋĭəŋH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋi̯əŋ/ /ŋi̯əŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yíng yìng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jing4 jing6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 凝
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		níng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ nging ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ŋ](r)əŋ/ (< uvular?)
    English freeze, coagulate

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 凝 凝
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 14902 14903
    Phonetic
    component         		疑 疑
    Rime
    group         		蒸 蒸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0 0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		凝 凝
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋrɯŋ/ /*ŋrɯŋs/

    Definitions

    (deprecated template usage) 凝

    1. to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
    2. to focus; to concentrate
    3. (Teochew) cold; (of weather) chilly
      凝死 [Teochew]  ―  ngang5 si2 [Peng'im]  ―  very cold

    Synonyms

    Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冷
    Taiwan 冷
    Singapore 冷
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 冷
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冷
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冷
    Wanrong 冷
    Xi'an 冷
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冷
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
    Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
    Guilin 冷
    Liuzhou 冷, 凊
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 冷
    Hefei 冷
    Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
    Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
    Taishan 冷
    Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
    Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
    Gan Nanchang 冷
    Lichuan 冷
    Hakka Meixian 冷
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
    Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
    Jin Taiyuan 冷
    Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
    Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
    Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Shishi 寒
    Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Zhao'an 寒
    Dongshan 寒
    Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
    Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
    Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
    Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
    Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
    Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
    Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
    Jieyang 凝, 凊
    Singapore (Teochew) 凝
    Wenchang 寒
    Qionghai 寒
    Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
    Wu Shanghai 冷
    Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
    Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
    Danyang 冷
    Hangzhou 冷
    Ningbo 冷
    Wenzhou 冷, 凍
    Lishui 冷
    Jinhua 冷
    Yushan 凊
    Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
    Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

    Compounds

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    Japanese

    Kanji

    凝

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. congeal

    Readings

    Compounds

    Korean

    Hanja

    凝 (eum 응 (eung))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    凝: Hán Nôm readings: ngưng, ngừng

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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