堪

Translingual

Han character

堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 4411₁, composition ⿰土甚)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
• Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
• Unihan data for U+582A

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Chinese

trad.		堪
simp. #		堪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堪
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (甚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
湛	*ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
媅	*ʔl'uːm
黮	*l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
糂	*sluːmʔ
堪	*kʰluːm
戡	*kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
嵁	*kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
歁	*kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
勘	*kʰluːms
磡	*kʰuːms
墈	*kʰuːms
偡	*r'uːmʔ
碪	*ʔl'um
椹	*ʔl'um
揕	*ʔl'ums
踸	*l̥ʰumʔ
鍖	*l̥ʰumʔ
斟	*kljum
諶	*ɡljum
愖	*ɡljum
瘎	*ɡljum
煁	*ɡljum
甚	*ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
葚	*ɦljumʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kān (kan¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ham¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
• Northern Min (KCR): káng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kham

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kam¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kān
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kan
    • Wade–Giles: kʻan¹
    • Yale: kān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
    • Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ham¹
    • Yale: hām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ham¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: hem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: kam´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kam¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kham
    • Tâi-lô: kham
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qafm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰam⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kam¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kham
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰam³³/

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• Middle Chinese: khom

Rime
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	口含切
Baxter	khom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌm/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəm/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəm/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀm/
Wang Li	/kʰɒm/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[kʰ]ˤ[ə]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kān
Middle Chinese	‹ khom ›
Old Chinese	/*[kʰ]ˁ[ə]m/
English	able to bear
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堪
Reading #	1/1
No.	11271
Phonetic component	甚
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	龕
Old Chinese	/*kʰluːm/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 堪

1. may; to be capable of
2. to bear; to stand; to resist

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Japanese

Kanji

堪

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: こん (kon)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: たん (tan)
• Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
堪
かん Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).

Affix

堪(かん) • (kan) 

1. to bear; to endure
2. capable

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Korean

Hanja

堪 • (gam) (hangeul 감)

1. adequately capable of
2. worthy of

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 堪 (kham, khom, khăm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.