德

See also: 徳 and 惪

Translingual

Han character

德 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹人十田心 (HOJWP), four-corner 2423₆, composition ⿰彳𢛳)

Derived characters

• 𪢝, 𥌩, 𮕏

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 371, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10243
• Dae Jaweon: page 698, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 841, character 17
• Unihan data for U+5FB7

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		德
alternative forms		徳 惪 悳 㥁 恴 徳 惪 悳 㥁 恴 㥀 㤫 𢛳 𢜖 𢠀 𢤊 𨗌 𨗤

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 德
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
置	*tɯɡs
值	*dɯɡs, *dɯɡ
植	*dɯɡs, *djɯɡ
埴	*tʰjɯɡs, *djɯɡ
惪	*tɯːɡ
德	*tɯːɡ
稙	*tɯɡ
淔	*tʰɯɡ
直	*dɯɡ
犆	*dɯɡ
殖	*djɯɡ

Etymology

“virtue; morality; favour”

An allofam is probably 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) (Schuessler, 2007).

“Germany”

Shortening of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), derived from German Deutsch.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dé (de²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dak¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tet
• Eastern Min (BUC): dáik
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tiak / tek

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dêg⁴

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁷teq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dé
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dé
    • Wade–Giles: tê²
    • Yale: dé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: der
    • Palladius: дэ (dɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dak¹
    • Yale: dāk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: deg¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɐk̚⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tet
    • Hakka Romanization System: ded`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ded⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /tet̚²/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dáik
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taiʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiak
    • Tâi-lô: tiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiak̚⁵/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tek
    • Tâi-lô: tik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: deg
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tiɪk̚³²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dêg⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tek
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tek̚²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁷teq
    • MiniDict: teh^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴teq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /təʔ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: tok

Rime
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	德 (131)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	多則切
Baxter	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁək/
English	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
No.	17266
Phonetic component	直
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	德
Old Chinese	/*tɯːɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 德

1. virtue; morality; ethics
2. favor; benevolence; kindness
3. mind; faith; character
4. Short for 德國／德国 (Déguó, “Germany”).

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Japanese

Shinjitai	徳
Kyūjitai	德

Kanji

德

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 徳)

1. Kyūjitai form of 徳.

Readings

• On (unclassified): とく (toku)
• Kun: おしえ (oshie)

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Korean

Hanja

德 • (deok) (hangeul 덕, revised deok, McCune–Reischauer tŏk, Yale tek)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• 美德 (미덕, mideok)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 德 (đức)

Noun

德

1. Template:han tu form of

Proper noun

德

1. Template:han tu form of

Adjective

德

1. Template:han tu form of