羌

See also: 羗

Translingual

Han character

羌 (Kangxi radical 123, 羊+2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿土竹山 (TGHU) or 廿手山 (TQU), four-corner 8021₁, composition ⿸⺶乚(G) or ⿱𦍌儿(HTJK))

Derived characters

• 𠊡, 唴, 㛨, 𭘤, 𫹕, 𢮲, 𬁿, 𪲞, 㳾, 猐, 琷, 𥇉, 𥓌, 蜣, 錓, 𩸑, 𪁸, 𡝸, 𢒘, 𢻐, 𠒤, 𠻁, 𬝆, 𦍑, 羗, 𪉬, 𡬎

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 951, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28429
• Dae Jaweon: page 1393, character 11
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3125, character 3
• Unihan data for U+7F8C

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Chinese

trad.		羌
simp. #		羌
alternative forms		羗／羌 𠒌 𡸓 𡹽 𡺛 羗／羌 𠒌 𡸓 𡹽 𡺛 𦍎 𦍑

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (羊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
样	*ʔslaːŋ, *laŋ
佯	*zlaŋ, *laŋ
詳	*ljaŋ, *laŋ
洋	*ljaŋ, *laŋ
翔	*ljaŋ
庠	*ljaŋ
祥	*ljaŋ
痒	*ljaŋ, *laŋʔ
姜	*klaŋ
羌	*kʰlaŋ
蜣	*kʰlaŋ
猐	*kʰlaŋ
唴	*kʰlaŋs
羊	*laŋ
徉	*laŋ
烊	*laŋ
蛘	*laŋ, *laŋʔ
眻	*laŋ, *laŋs
鴹	*laŋ
恙	*laŋs
羕	*laŋs
樣	*laŋs
漾	*laŋs

Etymology

Unclear.

Pulleyblank (1983) suggests a derivation from 羊 (OC *laŋ).

Schuessler (2007) prefers to relate it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-klawŋ (“to guard; to herd; to tend (cattle); to graze; to be at leisure”), whence Tibetan སྐྱོང (skyong, “to guard; to nurture; to keep; to care for”), Asho Chin klóng (“to herd; to graze”), Burmese ကျောင်း (kyaung:, “to feed; to tend (cattle)”); then 羌 means "herders". Compare 養 (OC *laŋʔ, *laŋs, “to raise; to nourish”).

Beckwith (2009) proposes a possible Indo-European origin; compare Tocharian B klank- (“to ride; to go by chariot”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiāng (qiang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiông
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiuⁿ / kioⁿ / khiong / khiang / kiong

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qiāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciang
    • Wade–Giles: chʻiang¹
    • Yale: chyāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiang
    • Palladius: цян (cjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: goeng¹
    • Yale: gēung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: goeng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gêng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiông
    • Hakka Romanization System: giong´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: giong¹
    • Sinological IPA: /ki̯oŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiuⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kiunn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kviw
    • IPA (Lukang): /kiũ³³/
    • IPA (Taipei, Yilan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen): /kiũ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Tainan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kioⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kionn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvioy
    • IPA (Tainan): /kiɔ̃⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiong
    • Tâi-lô: khiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiofng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiang
    • Tâi-lô: khiang
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiafng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiaŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiong
    • Tâi-lô: kiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiofng
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: khjang

Rime
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	去羊切
Baxter	khjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/kʰiaŋ/
Wang Li	/kʰĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoeng1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰlaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiāng
Middle Chinese	‹ khjang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰaŋ/
English	western tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羌
Reading #	1/1
No.	14531
Phonetic component	羊
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	羌
Old Chinese	/*kʰlaŋ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 羌

1. (～族, ～人) Qiang people
2. historical tribe in ancient China
3. muntjac (species of deer) See also: 山羌
4. a surname

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Japanese

Kanji

羌

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō)
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō)
• Kun: えびす (ebisu, 羌); あう (au)

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Korean

Hanja

羌 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 羌 (cưng, gừng, khương)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.