許可

See also: 许可

Chinese

		to allow; to permit; to praise to allow; to permit; to praise; surname	can; may; able to can; may; able to; certain(ly); to suit; (particle used for emphasis)
trad. (許可)		許	可
simp. (许可)		许	可

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xǔkě

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩˇ ㄎㄜˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi² ho²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hí-khó
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hír-khóⁿ / hú-khó / hí-khó

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xǔkě [Phonetic: xúkě]
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩˇ ㄎㄜˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: syǔkě
    • Wade–Giles: hsü³-kʻo³
    • Yale: syǔ-kě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sheukee
    • Palladius: сюйкэ (sjujkɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: heoi² ho²
    • Yale: héui hó
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hoey² ho²
    • Guangdong Romanization: hêu² ho²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵy̯³⁵ hɔː³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hí-khó
    • Hakka Romanization System: hi` ko`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hi³ ko³
    • Sinological IPA: /hi³¹ kʰo³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hír-khóⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hír-khónn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔ̃⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hú-khó
    • Tâi-lô: hú-khó
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hw'qoir
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /hu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hí-khó
    • Tâi-lô: hí-khó
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hy'qoir
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰo⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰɤ⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: xjoX khaX

Rime
Character	許	可
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	虚吕切	枯我切
Baxter	xjoX	khaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨʌX/	/kʰɑX/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɔX/	/kʰɑX/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɔX/	/kʰɑX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨə̆X/	/kʰaX/
Li Rong	/xiɔX/	/kʰɑX/
Wang Li	/xĭoX/	/kʰɑX/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯woX/	/kʰɑX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xǔ	kě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	heoi2	ho2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)aʔ  [k]ʰˤa[j]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hŋaʔ  kʰaːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	許	可
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xǔ	kě
Middle Chinese	‹ xjoX ›	‹ khaX ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰ(r)aʔ/	/*[k]ʰˁa[j]ʔ/
English	place (n.); allow	may; acceptable
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	許	可
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13180	7446
Phonetic component	午	可
Rime group	魚	歌
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime		可
Old Chinese	/*hŋaʔ/	/*kʰaːlʔ/

Verb

許可

1. to permit; to allow

   入境許可／入境许可  ―  rùjìng xǔkě  ―  entry permit

   未經許可／未经许可  ―  wèijīng xǔkě  ―  without permission

   毒物質含量超過正常許可值數倍。 [MSC, trad.]
   毒物质含量超过正常许可值数倍。 [MSC, simp.]

   Dúwùzhì hánliàng chāoguò zhèngcháng xǔkězhí shù bèi. [Pinyin]

   The content of toxins in the substance exceeds twice the allowed quantity.

Synonyms

• 允 (literary, or in compounds)
• 允准 (yǔnzhǔn)
• 允許／允许
• 准許 (zhǔnxǔ)
• 容允 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 容許／容许 (róngxǔ)
• 應允／应允 (yīngyǔn) (literary)
• 許允／许允 (xǔyǔn) (literary)
• 開可／开可 (kāikě) (Classical Chinese)

 

Derived terms

• 許可證／许可证 (xǔkězhèng)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (許可):

• → Japanese: 許(きょ)可(か) (kyoka)
• → Korean: 허가(許可) (heoga)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
許	可
きょ Grade: 5	か Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きょ​か [kyóꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ka̠]

Noun

許(きょ)可(か) • (kyoka) 

1. permission, consent from someone
2. a legal permit, legal permission

   許(きょ)可(か)が必要(ひつよう)です。

   Kyoka ga hitsuyō desu.

   You need permission for that.

Verb

許(きょ)可(か)する • (kyoka suru) transitive suru (stem 許(きょ)可(か)し (kyoka shi), past 許(きょ)可(か)した (kyoka shita))

1. to permit, to allow
2. to grant legal permission

Conjugation

Conjugation of "許可する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	許可し	きょかし	kyoka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	許可し	きょかし	kyoka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	許可する	きょかする	kyoka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	許可する	きょかする	kyoka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	許可すれ	きょかすれ	kyoka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	許可せよ¹ 許可しろ²	きょかせよ¹ きょかしろ²	kyoka seyo¹ kyoka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	許可される	きょかされる	kyoka sareru
Causative	許可させる 許可さす	きょかさせる きょかさす	kyoka saseru kyoka sasu
Potential	許可できる	きょかできる	kyoka dekiru
Volitional	許可しよう	きょかしよう	kyoka shiyō
Negative	許可しない	きょかしない	kyoka shinai
Negative continuative	許可せず	きょかせず	kyoka sezu
Formal	許可します	きょかします	kyoka shimasu
Perfective	許可した	きょかした	kyoka shita
Conjunctive	許可して	きょかして	kyoka shite
Hypothetical conditional	許可すれば	きょかすれば	kyoka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• 許諾(きょだく) (kyodaku)

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
• Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
許	可

Noun

許可 • (heoga) (hangeul 허가)

1. Hanja form^? of 허가 (“permission”).