tukšs

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tuskjas, from Proto-Indo-European *tews-, *tus- (“to empty”), from *tew-, *tu- (“to swell”) (whence also Latvian tūkt (“to swell”), q.v.).

The kš sequence suggests irregular changes: *tušjas > insertion of *k and *t > *tukšjas > tukša-. Semantic development: “swollen, bloated” → “empty inside” → “empty”.

Cognate with Lithuanian tùščias (nominative plural tušti̇̀), Old Church Slavonic тъшть (tŭštĭ, “empty”), Old East Slavic тъщь (tŭščĭ), Russian то́щий (tóščij, “weak, thin, lean”), Proto-Slavic *tъska (“emptiness”) (Russian тоска́ (toská, “anguish, tedium, longing”)), Vedic Sanskrit तुच्छ्य (tucchyá, “empty, vain”), Latin tesqua (“desert”) (< Old Latin *tuesquā), Iron Ossetian тыссӕ́г (tyssǽg, “weak, skinny, thin”).

Adjective

tukšs (definite tukšais, comparative tukšāks, superlative vistukšākais, adverb tukši)

1. (of containers, hollow objects) empty (in which nothing was put)

   tukša bļoda, pudele, soma, atvilktne ― empty bowl, bottle, bag, drawer

   tukšs grozs, maiss, spainis ― empty basket, bag, bucket

   tukša kabata ― empty pocket (colloquially, lack of money)

2. (of places, areas) empty, blank (not taken, not filled with something)

   tukšs pagrabs, plaukts ― empty cellar, shelf

   tukša malkas nojume ― empty wood shed

   tukšs sienas laukums ― empty, blank area on the wall

   tukšs galds ― empty table (esp. without food, drink)

3. (of rooms) unfurnished

   tukša istaba ― empty room

4. (of hanging supports) empty (with nothing hanging on them)

   tukšs drēbju pakaramais ― empty clothes hanger

   tukšs vadzis ― empty peg

5. (of windows, doors) empty (without panes, leaves)

   tukšas logu ailes ― empty window frames

6. (of wells, bodies of water) empty (without water)

   tukša aka ― empty well

7. (stomach) empty (without food)

   tukšs vēders ― empty stomach

8. (of paper, book) empty (without any writing or drawing on it)

   Ēvalds pagrieza baltajai lapiņai otru pusi, tā bija tukša ― Ēvalds turned the white page over to the other side, it was empty

9. (of buildings, rooms, areas, means of transportation) empty (without people, animals; vacant, uninhabited)

   tukša iela, šoseja, laiva ― empty street, highway, ship

   tukšs trolejbuss, vagons ― empty trolley, train car

   tukšs bišu strops ― empty beehiļve

   tukša lapsu ala ― empty fox hole, earth

   (of places to sit, stand, etc.) empty (vacant)

   mēs visi sēdam pie galda, tikai mātes vieta tukša ― we all sat at the table, only mother's place (was) empty

10. (of places, areas) empty (without vegetation, without plants, without crops)

    visi tīrumi ir tukši ― all fields are empty

    zeme nekur nepaliek tukša, augi ieviešas katrā piemērotā' stūrītī ― the earth is nowere empty, plants grow in every appropriate spot

11. (of fruits, nuts) empty (without pit, kernel, seed, more rarely without leaves)

    tukšs rieksts ― empty nut

    tukša zirņu pāksts ― empty pea pod

12. (of time periods) empty (with strongly felt shortage or lack of food, money, goods, etc.))

    tagard ir tukškais laiks; nav ne gaļas, ne naudas ― now is the emptier (= emptiest) time: there is neither meat nor money

13. (of time periods) empty (without harvest, produce)

    šogad manām ābelēm ir tukšais gads ― this year my apple trees are having an empty (= fruitless) year

14. (of shops, establishments, entities) empty (without merchandise, goods in stock; without money)

    tukšs pārtikas veikals ― empty grocery store (i.e., without groceries)

    Prūsijas valsts kase bija tukša ― the Prussian treasury was empty

    šīs mājas ir tukšas, viss, kas te kādreiz bija, ir jau paņemts ― these houses are empty, everything that used to be here has already been taken

15. (of peoples) empty, poor

    kur citur lai šie atstātie, tukšie, bezspēcīgie atrastu patversmi? ― where else would the abandoned, empty, powerless find shelter?

16. (of actionss) empty, in vain (without the desired effect)

    tukši pūliņi ― empty efforts

17. (of actions, words) empty, vain, idle (without serious content, without purpose, without meaning, significance)

    tukšas runas, tukša runāšana ― empty talk, empty talking

    tukšas frāzes ― empty sentences, words

    tukšas izpriecas, cerības ― empty pleasures, hopes

    tukši sapņi ― empty dreams

    tukšs apgalvojums ― empty statement

18. (of time periods) empty (without activity, uneventful)

    tukšs, bezdarbībā pavadīts laiks ― empty, idly spent time

19. (of people) empty (without depth, meaningful spiritual life; frivolous)

    nožēlojami tukša dvēsele ― a miserably empty soul

    vieglprātīgas, tukšas meitenes portrets ― portrait of a frivolous, empty girl

20. (of eyes, gaze, face) empty (colorless, lifeless)

    skumji tukšs skatiens ― sadly empty gaze

    lai cik skaista, bet tukša seja vienmēr būs vulgāra ― no matter how beautiful, an empty face will always be vulgar

Declension

Indefinite declension (nenoteiktā galotne) of tukšs

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative	tukšs	tukši		tukša	tukšas
genitive	tukša	tukšu		tukšas	tukšu
dative	tukšam	tukšiem		tukšai	tukšām
accusative	tukšu	tukšus		tukšu	tukšas
instrumental	tukšu	tukšiem		tukšu	tukšām
locative	tukšā	tukšos		tukšā	tukšās
vocative	—	—		—	—

Definite declension (noteiktā galotne) of tukšs

	masculine (vīriešu dzimte)			feminine (sieviešu dzimte)
	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)		singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative	tukšais	tukšie		tukšā	tukšās
genitive	tukšā	tukšo		tukšās	tukšo
dative	tukšajam	tukšajiem		tukšajai	tukšajām
accusative	tukšo	tukšos		tukšo	tukšās
instrumental	tukšo	tukšajiem		tukšo	tukšajām
locative	tukšajā	tukšajos		tukšajā	tukšajās
vocative	tukšo, tukšais	tukšie		tukšo, tukšā	tukšās

Antonyms

• pilns

Related terms

• tuksnesis