固

See also: 周

固 U+56FA, 固 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA ← 囹 [U+56F9] CJK Unified Ideographs 囻 → [U+56FB]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

固 (Kangxi radical 31, 囗+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 6060₄, composition ⿴囗古)

Derived characters

• 個 凅 堌 婟 崓 㧽 棝 涸 祻 稒 錮(锢) 䭅(𬲾) 鯝(鲴) 痼 崮 箇 䓢 䍛
• 𠴱 𢛅 𤊎 𫆣 𧛂 𧶮 𡈅 𣎏 𡇤 𡹍
• 𬖢 𮈗 𬰦

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 218, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
• Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 716, character 9
• Unihan data for U+56FA

Chinese

simp. and trad.		固

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 固
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
箇	*kaːls
個	*kaːls
居	*kɯ, *kas
橭	*kaː, *kʰaː
嫴	*kaː
姑	*kaː
辜	*kaː
酤	*kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄	*kaː
鴣	*kaː
沽	*kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬	*kaː, *kaːʔ
古	*kaːʔ
罟	*kaːʔ
估	*kaːʔ
鈷	*kaːʔ
詁	*kaːʔ
牯	*kaːʔ
故	*kaːs
固	*kaːs
稒	*kaːɡs
痼	*kaːɡs
錮	*kaːɡs
鯝	*kaːɡs
棝	*kaːɡs
凅	*kaːɡs
枯	*kʰaː
軲	*kʰaː
跍	*kʰaː
骷	*kʰaː
苦	*kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫	*qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬	*ɡaː
瑚	*ɡaː
湖	*ɡaː
鶘	*ɡaː
猢	*ɡaː
醐	*ɡaː
糊	*ɡaː
箶	*ɡaː
蝴	*ɡaː
胡	*ɡaː
瓳	*ɡaː
怙	*ɡaːʔ
祜	*ɡaːʔ
岵	*ɡaːʔ
婟	*ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛	*ɡaːʔ
据	*ka
裾	*ka
琚	*ka
椐	*ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋	*ka
蜛	*ka
崌	*ka
涺	*ka
腒	*ka, *ɡa
鋸	*kas
倨	*kas
踞	*kas
涸	*ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

Etymology

STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ka (“earth; ground; soil”). Compare Jingpho ga (“earth”), Garo ha (“earth”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gù (gu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ku

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gu⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): gu̿
• Eastern Min (BUC): gó
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kò͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gu³

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵ku

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gù
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gù
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴
    • Yale: gù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
    • Palladius: гу (gu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³
    • Yale: gu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: gu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ku
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ku⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ku⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gu̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gó
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kò͘
    • Tâi-lô: kòo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kox
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gu³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵ku
    • MiniDict: ku^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ku
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: kuH

Rime
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古暮切
Baxter	kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoH/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoH/
Shao Rongfen	/koH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔH/
Li Rong	/koH/
Wang Li	/kuH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤa-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù
Middle Chinese	‹ kuH ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁa-s/
English	fortified, secure
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	固
Reading #	1/1
No.	4230
Phonetic component	古
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	顧
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/

Definitions

固

1. firm; solid; strong

   穩固／稳固  ―  wěngù  ―  stable

   加固  ―  jiāgù  ―  to strengthen

   • 如是，則兵勁城固，敵國畏之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     如是，则兵劲城固，敌国畏之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Rúshì, zé bīng jìn chéng gù, díguó wèi zhī. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

2. solid

   固體／固体  ―  gùtǐ  ―  solid

   凝固  ―  nínggù  ―  to set; to solidify

3. to solidify; to strengthen

   固本  ―  gùběn  ―  to strengthen the foundation

4. stubborn

   頑固／顽固  ―  wángù  ―  stubborn

5. firmly

   固辭／固辞  ―  gùcí  ―  to firmly decline

6. (literary) in the first place; all along

   • 王視晏子曰：「齊人固善盜乎？」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     王视晏子曰：「齐人固善盗乎？」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 578–500 BC, Yan Ying, 《晏子春秋》

     Wáng shì yànzǐ yuē: “Qí rén gù shàn dào hū?” [Pinyin]

     The King looked at Yanzi and said, "Have people of Chu always liked to steal?"

   • 臣固知王之不忍也。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Chén gù zhī wáng zhī bùrěn yě. [Pinyin]

     Your servant (I) knew in the first place that it was your Majesty's not being able to bear the sight [which made you do as you did].

7. (literary) no doubt

   • 然則小固不可以敵大，寡固不可以敵眾，弱固不可以敵彊。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     然则小固不可以敌大，寡固不可以敌众，弱固不可以敌强。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Ránzé xiǎo gù bù kěyǐ dí dà, guǎ gù bù kěyǐ dí zhòng, ruò gù bù kěyǐ dí qiáng. [Pinyin]

     A small country certainly cannot contend with a great, few certainly cannot contend with many, and the weak certainly cannot contend with the strong.

   • 莊子曰：「夫子固拙於用大矣。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     庄子曰：「夫子固拙于用大矣。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Zhuāngzǐ yuē: “Fūzǐ gù zhuō yú yòng dà yǐ.” [Pinyin]

     Zhuangzi replied, 'You were indeed stupid, my master, in the use of what was large.'

Compounds

• 丁固生松
• 不固
• 保固 (bǎogù)
• 保固期
• 僵固
• 凝固 (nínggù)
• 凝固劑／凝固剂
• 凝固點／凝固点
• 北固山
• 北固樓／北固楼
• 固執／固执
• 固執己見／固执己见 (gùzhíjǐjiàn)
• 固壽／固寿
• 固姑
• 固守 (gùshǒu)
• 固宜
• 固定 (gùdìng)
• 固定作用
• 固定價格／固定价格
• 固定匯率／固定汇率
• 固定成本
• 固定格式
• 固定液
• 固定詞組／固定词组
• 固定資本／固定资本
• 固定資產／固定资产 (gùdìng zīchǎn)
• 固定重音
• 固徵／固征
• 固態／固态 (gùtài)
• 固拉合瑪／固拉合玛 (Gùlāhémǎ)
• 固接
• 固時俗／固时俗
• 固有 (gùyǒu)
• 固有國籍／固有国籍
• 固有文化
• 固有道德
• 固本 (gùběn)
• 固步自封 (gùbùzìfēng)
• 固氮 (gùdàn)
• 固氮作用 (gùdàn zuòyòng)
• 固氮菌 (gùdànjūn)
• 固沙林 (gùshālín)
• 固然 (gùrán)
• 固無／固无
• 固瑪／固玛 (Gùmǎ)
• 固疾 (gùjí)
• 固相 (gùxiàng)
• 固知
• 固窮／固穷
• 固節／固节
• 固結／固结
• 固習／固习
• 固若金湯／固若金汤 (gùruòjīntāng)
• 固著／固着
• 固蒂
• 固請／固请
• 固讓／固让
• 固辭／固辞 (gùcí)
• 固遜／固逊
• 固金甌／固金瓯
• 固陋 (gùlòu)
• 固非
• 固體／固体 (gùtǐ)
• 固體潮／固体潮
• 固體電路／固体电路
• 堅固／坚固 (jiāngù)
• 埴固
• 安固
• 巧固球 (qiǎogùqiú)
• 強固／强固 (qiánggù)
• 恪固
• 持祿固寵／持禄固宠
• 推亡固存
• 擁兵自固／拥兵自固
• 擇善固執／择善固执 (zéshàngùzhí)
• 本固枝榮／本固枝荣 (běngùzhīróng)
• 根深固本
• 根深柢固
• 根深蒂固 (gēnshēndìgù)
• 欲取固與／欲取固与
• 深根固本 (shēngēngùběn)
• 深根固柢
• 深根固蒂
• 深閉固距／深闭固距
• 滯固／滞固
• 牢固 (láogù)
• 理固當然／理固当然
• 盤固草／盘固草
• 盤石之固／盘石之固
• 磐石之固
• 稽固
• 穩固／稳固 (wěngù)
• 老頑固／老顽固 (lǎowángù)
• 膠固／胶固
• 膽固醇／胆固醇 (dǎngùchún)
• 藏舟難固／藏舟难固
• 血液凝固
• 裕固族 (Yùgùzú)
• 補氣固表／补气固表
• 覆盂之固
• 負固／负固 (fùgù)
• 貞固／贞固 (zhēngù)
• 負固不悛／负固不悛
• 負固不服／负固不服
• 超固態／超固态 (chāogùtài)
• 鄙固
• 防固
• 險固／险固 (xiǎngù)
• 靳固
• 鞏固／巩固 (gǒnggù)
• 頑固／顽固 (wángù)
• 類固醇／类固醇 (lèigùchún)

 

Japanese

Kanji

固

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. hard; to harden
2. to set; to solidify

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
• Kun: かためる (katameru, 固める, Jōyō); かたまる (katamaru, 固まる, Jōyō); かたい (katai, 固い, Jōyō); もとより (motoyori, 固より)

Compounds

• 固(こ)形(けい) (kokei)
• 固(こ)執(しつ) (koshitsu), 固(こ)執(しゅう) (koshū)
• 固(こ)守(しゅ) (koshu)
• 固(こ)相(そう) (kosō, “solid phase”)
• 固(こ)体(たい) (kotai)
• 固(こ)定(てい) (kotei)
• 固(こ)有(ゆう) (koyū)

Korean

Hanja

固 (eumhun 굳을 고 (gudeul go))

1. Hanja form^? of 고 (“solid”).

Compounds

• 고체 (固體, goche, “solid”)

Vietnamese

Han character

固: Hán Nôm readings: cố, có, cúa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.