討論

See also: 讨论

Chinese

		ask for; send punitive expedition; to demand ask for; send punitive expedition; to demand; to marry	to talk (about); to discuss; theory to talk (about); to discuss; theory; by the; per; the Analects (of Confucius)
trad. (討論)		討	論
simp. (讨论)		讨	论

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tǎolùn

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tou² leon⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thó-lun
• Eastern Min (BUC): tō̤-lâung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): thó-lūn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): to² lung⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵thau-len

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tǎolùn
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄠˇ ㄌㄨㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tǎolùn
    • Wade–Giles: tʻao³-lun⁴
    • Yale: tǎu-lwùn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: taoluenn
    • Palladius: таолунь (taolunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tou² leon⁶
    • Yale: tóu leuhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tou² loen⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: tou² lên⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰou̯³⁵ lɵn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thó-lun
    • Hakka Romanization System: to` lun
    • Hagfa Pinyim: to³ lun⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰo³¹ lun⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: tō̤-lâung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo³³⁻⁵⁵ l̃ɑuŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thó-lūn
    • Tâi-lô: thó-lūn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: toylun
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰo⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: to² lung⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thó lŭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo⁵²⁻³⁵ luŋ³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵thau-len
    • MiniDict: thau^去 len
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²thau-len
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰɔ³³ lən⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: thawX lwin|lwon|lwonH

Rime
Character	討	論	論	論
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	來 (37)	來 (37)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)	諄 (47)	魂 (55)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	I	III	I	I
Fanqie	他浩切	力迍切	盧昆切	盧困切
Baxter	thawX	lwin	lwon	lwonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑuX/	/liuɪn/	/luən/	/luənH/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑuX/	/lʷin/	/luon/	/luonH/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑuX/	/ljuen/	/luən/	/luənH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰawX/	/lwin/	/lwən/	/lwənH/
Li Rong	/tʰɑuX/	/liuĕn/	/luən/	/luənH/
Wang Li	/tʰɑuX/	/lĭuĕn/	/luən/	/luənH/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰɑuX/	/li̯uĕn/	/luən/	/luənH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tǎo	lún	lún	lùn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tou2	leon4	leon4	leon6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[t]ʰˤuʔ  [r]u[n]|[r]ˤu[n]|[r]ˤu[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tʰuːʔ  ruːn|ruːns|run/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	討	論	論	論
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tǎo	lún	lún	lùn
Middle Chinese	‹ thawX ›	‹ lwin ›	‹ lwon ›	‹ lwonH ›
Old Chinese	/*[t]ʰˁuʔ/	/*[r]u[n]/	/*[r]ˁu[n]/	/*[r]ˁu[n]-s/
English	examine; denounce	(in name of Lúnyǔ 論語)	discuss, examine	discussion, discourse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	討	論	論	論
Reading #	1/1	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	12374	8649	8656	8667
Phonetic component	討	侖	侖	侖
Rime group	幽	文	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	討	論	論	淪
Old Chinese	/*tʰuːʔ/	/*ruːn/	/*ruːns/	/*run/
Notes	疑肘聲

Verb

討論

1. to discuss; to talk over

   他們詳細討論了這件事，結果達成諒解。 [MSC, trad.]
   他们详细讨论了这件事，结果达成谅解。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tāmen xiángxì tǎolùn le zhè jiàn shì, jiéguǒ dáchéng liàngjiě. [Pinyin]

   They discussed the matter in detail, and finally came to an understanding.

Synonyms

(deprecated template usage)

• 交涉 (jiāoshè)
• 傾／倾 (king¹) (Cantonese, informal)
• 協商／协商 (xiéshāng)
• 協議／协议 (xiéyì)
• 口語／口语 (kǒuyǔ) (archaic)
• 商榷 (shāngquè) (chiefly in an academic context)
• 商討／商讨 (shāngtǎo)
• 商談／商谈 (shāngtán)
• 商議／商议 (shāngyì)
• 商量 (shāngliang)
• 接接 (Hokkien)
• 接洽 (jiēqià) (formal)
• 會談／会谈 (huìtán)
• 槌摃鐵／槌𫼱铁 (Hokkien)
• 比接 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 洽商 (qiàshāng)
• 洽談／洽谈 (qiàtán)
• 申論／申论 (shēnlùn)
• 研究 (yánjiū)
• 磋商 (cuōshāng) (formal)
• 磋議／磋议 (cuōyì)
• 磨合 (móhé) (figurative)
• 觸牙／触牙 (Hokkien)
• 言說／言说 (yánshuō) (formal)
• 言論／言论 (yánlùn)
• 言辭／言辞 (yáncí) (literary)
• 計謀／计谋 (jìmóu) (literary)
• 計議／计议 (jìyì) (literary)
• 計較／计较
• 評／评 (píng) (literary, or in compounds)
• 評論／评论 (pínglùn)
• 說／说
• 說合／说合 (shuōhé)
• 談判／谈判 (tánpàn)
• 談論／谈论 (tánlùn)
• 謀慮／谋虑 (móulǜ) (literary)
• 議／议 (yì)
• 議論／议论 (yìlùn)
• 錦議／锦议 (Hokkien)
• 闡論／阐论 (chǎnlùn) (literary)

 

Noun

(deprecated template usage) 討論

1. discussion

   你可以參與他們的討論。 [MSC, trad.]
   你可以参与他们的讨论。 [MSC, simp.]

   Nǐ kěyǐ cānyù tāmen de tǎolùn. [Pinyin]

   You can join in their discussion.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (討論):

• → Japanese: 討論(とうろん) (tōron)
• → Korean: 토론(討論) (toron)
• → Vietnamese: thảo luận (討論)

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
討	論
とう Grade: 6	ろん Grade: 6
on’yomi

Noun

討(とう)論(ろん) • (tōron) 

1. debate
2. discussion

Synonyms

• (debate): ディベート (dibēto), 議(ぎ)論(ろん) (giron), 論(ろん)争(そう) (ronsō)
• (discussion): 論(ろん)議(ぎ) (rongi)

Verb

討(とう)論(ろん)する • (tōron suru) suru (stem 討(とう)論(ろん)し (tōron shi), past 討(とう)論(ろん)した (tōron shita))

1. to debate
2. to discuss

Conjugation

Conjugation of "討論する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	討論し	とうろんし	tōron shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	討論し	とうろんし	tōron shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	討論する	とうろんする	tōron suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	討論する	とうろんする	tōron suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	討論すれ	とうろんすれ	tōron sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	討論せよ¹ 討論しろ²	とうろんせよ¹ とうろんしろ²	tōron seyo¹ tōron shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	討論される	とうろんされる	tōron sareru
Causative	討論させる 討論さす	とうろんさせる とうろんさす	tōron saseru tōron sasu
Potential	討論できる	とうろんできる	tōron dekiru
Volitional	討論しよう	とうろんしよう	tōron shiyō
Negative	討論しない	とうろんしない	tōron shinai
Negative continuative	討論せず	とうろんせず	tōron sezu
Formal	討論します	とうろんします	tōron shimasu
Perfective	討論した	とうろんした	tōron shita
Conjunctive	討論して	とうろんして	tōron shite
Hypothetical conditional	討論すれば	とうろんすれば	tōron sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• (discuss): 話(はな)し合(あ)う (hanashiau)

References

• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

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Korean

Hanja in this term
討	論

Noun

討論 • (toron) (hangeul 토론)

1. Hanja form^? of 토론 (“debate, controversy”).

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Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
討	論

Verb

討論

1. Template:han tu form of