nad
English[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Noun[edit]
nad
- (linguistics) noun animate dependent
See also[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Douglas Harper suggests an abbreviation of gonad originating among biology students.
Pronunciation[edit]
Audio (AU) (file)
Noun[edit]
nad (plural nads)
- (slang, mostly plural) testicle
- 2004, Bob Gunn, Sex, Ghosts and Gumshoes, page 119:
- I look down and the little one has already cut right through my ball sac and is in the process of slicing my left nad free.
Anagrams[edit]
Czech[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Old Czech nad, from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad [+instrumental]
Further reading[edit]
- nad in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- nad in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
Anagrams[edit]
Estonian[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
nad (genitive nende, partitive neid)
Declension[edit]
Declension of nad | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
3rd person | singular | plural | ||
long | short | long | short | |
nominative | tema | ta | nemad | nad |
genitive | tema | ta | nende | nende |
partitive | teda | neid | ||
illative | temasse | tasse | nendesse | neisse |
inessive | temas | tas | nendes | neis |
elative | temast | tast | nendest | neist |
allative | temale | talle | nendele | neile |
adessive | temal | tal | nendel | neil |
ablative | temalt | talt | nendelt | neilt |
translative | temaks | – | nendeks | neiks |
terminative | temani | – | nendeni | – |
essive | temana | – | nendena | – |
abessive | temata | – | nendeta | – |
comitative | temaga | taga | nendega | – |
See also[edit]
Kashubian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Preposition[edit]
nad
Further reading[edit]
- “nad”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “nad(e)”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi
Masurian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish nad.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes approximate location; near, close to [+instrumental]
- denotes movement towards; to [+accusative]
- denotes object over which one has power, care, or over which one has an advantage; over [+instrumental]
- denotes higher position in a hierarchy; over [+instrumental]
- denotes object of action, typically of emotions, i.e. crying; over [+instrumental]
- denotes cause of an emotion; over; because of [+instrumental]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental]
- denotes a proximate time of day; close to [+instrumental]
- denotes object drawing someone's attention or action; over [+instrumental]
- denotes an amount higher than another; above, over, more than [+accusative]
Further reading[edit]
- Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2021), “nad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 4, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, page 224-226
Middle English[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Contraction[edit]
nad
Descendants[edit]
- Yola: nad
References[edit]
- “nad”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Old Czech[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad
- Denotes movement; to over, to above [+accusative]
- Denotes movement; to under, to below [+accusative]
- Denotes subject of an attack etc.. [+accusative]
- Denotes a higher position in comparisons; above [+accusative]
- Denotes larger amount; above, more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
- Denotes first degree of comparisons; more than [+accusative] or [+instrumental]
- With a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+accusative]
- Denotes additionality or excess; in addition to [+accusative]
- Denotes a manner contrary to something else. [+accusative]
- Denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- Denotes position in a hierarchy; above, over [+instrumental]
- Denotes vessel through which divine action is taken; through [+instrumental]
- Denotes target of an action aimed at [+instrumental]
- Denotes subject of power; over, above [+instrumental]
- Denotes subject of emotion; over [+instrumental]
- Denotes contradiction; despite [+instrumental]
Descendants[edit]
- Czech: nad
References[edit]
- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916), “nad”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Irish[edit]
Particle[edit]
nad
- Alternative spelling of nád
Old Polish[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes location; near, close to [+instrumental]
- denotes time; just before [+instrumental]
- denotes cause; because of [+instrumental]
- denotes position in comparison; over, more than [+instrumental] or [+accusative]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
- denotes subject of power; above [+instrumental]
- denotes subject of someones thoughts or actions in relation to, vis-a-vis [+instrumental]
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
References[edit]
- Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “nad”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “nad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, editor (2011–2015), “nad, nade”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Old Polish nad.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /nat/
- (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈnat/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -at
- Syllabification: nad
- Homophone: nad-
Preposition[edit]
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes location, particularly in relation to a body of water; on, by [+instrumental]
- Mieszkają w dużym domu nad morzem. ― They live in a big house by the sea.
- Opole leży nad Odrą. ― Opole lies on the Oder.
- denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes movement, particularly in relation to a body of water; to [+accusative]
- Antonym: znad
- W niedzielę jedziemy nad jezioro. ― We're going to the lake on Sunday.
- (literary) denotes position in comparison; than; over [+accusative]
- over (indicates relative status, authority or power) [+instrumental]
- Antonym: pod
- Nauczyciel umiejętnie panuje nad klasą. ― The teacher skillfully keeps control over the class.
- (literary) denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state;
- Synonym: ponad
- Kocham to nad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
- denotes subject of activities; on [+instrumental]
- Pracuję nad scenariuszem do nowego filmu. ― I'm working on a script for a new film.
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; the greatest of all, of [+instrumental] or (stylized) [+accusative]
- Oj, marzy mi się pizza nad pizzami! ― Oh, I dream of the greatest of all pizzas!
- Zawisza Czarny, rycerz nad rycerzami, zginął po wzięciu do tureckiej niewoli. ― Zawisza Czarny, a knight of the knights, was killed after being captured by the Turks.
Derived terms[edit]
Trivia[edit]
According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), nad is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 91 times in scientific texts, 107 times in news, 101 times in essays, 127 times in fiction, and 72 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 498 times, making it the 90th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- nad in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- nad in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa; Stanisław Rospond; Witold Taszycki; Stefan Hrabec; Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023), “nad, nade”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “NAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 17.12.2008
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1904), “nad”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 3, Warsaw, page 28
Scottish Gaelic[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Univerbation of an (“in”) + do (“thy”)
Preposition[edit]
nad (+ dative)
Inflection[edit]
Serbo-Croatian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ. Compare na (“on, onto”), nad-, nat-.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nȁd (Cyrillic spelling на̏д)
- over, above (with no change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ) [+instrumental]
- over, above (usually with change of position, answering the question kùda) [+accusative]
References[edit]
- “nad” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Silesian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad
- denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
- denotes movement; to above, to over [+accusative]
- denotes position close to water; by [+instrumental]
- Synonym: kole
- denotes movement close to water; to [+accusative]
- denotes object of certain actions. [+instrumental]
- denotes proximity of a time; around [+instrumental]
- denotes object most affceted by something. [+accusative]
- with a reduplicated noun, expresses superlative nature; of [+instrumental]
Further reading[edit]
- nad in silling.org
Slovene[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nadъ.
Pronunciation[edit]
Preposition[edit]
nad
Welsh[edit]
Etymology[edit]
See na with the same meaning. Compare Latin neque.
Pronunciation[edit]
Conjunction[edit]
nad
- (formal) that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, marking it for emphasis)
- Mae e’n dweud nad athro yw ef.
- He says that he is not a teacher.
- that … not (introduces a negative noun clause, used before a vowel)
- Mae e’n dweud nad ydy e’n mynd.
- He says that he is not going.
See also[edit]
- mai (affirmative, emphasis)
- taw (affirmative, emphasis)
- na (negative, unmarked, used before a consonant)
Mutation[edit]
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
nad | unchanged | unchanged | unchanged |
Further reading[edit]
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “nad”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yola[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle English nād; equivalent to nat + had.
Contraction[edit]
nad
References[edit]
- Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 58
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