壕

壕 U+58D5, 壕 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58D5 ← 壔 [U+58D4] CJK Unified Ideographs 壖 → [U+58D6]

Translingual

Han character

壕 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+14, 17 strokes, Cangjie input 土卜口人 (GYRO), four-corner 4013₂, composition ⿰土豪)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 241, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5559
• Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 497, character 5
• Unihan data for U+58D5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		壕
alternative forms		濠

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (高) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
高	*kaːw
膏	*kaːw, *kaːws
篙	*kaːw
稿	*kaːwʔ
稾	*kaːwʔ, *kʰaːws
槁	*kaːwʔ, *kʰaːwʔ
縞	*kaːwʔ, *kaːws
暠	*kaːwʔ
槀	*kaːwʔ
藁	*kaːwʔ
燺	*kʰaːwʔ
薧	*kʰaːwʔ, *kʰaːws, *qʰaːw
犒	*kʰaːws
蒿	*qʰaːw
藃	*qʰaːws, *qʰraːw, *qʰraw
豪	*ɡaːw
毫	*ɡaːw
壕	*ɡaːw
濠	*ɡaːw
鎬	*ɡaːwʔ
滈	*ɡaːwʔ, *qʰraːwɢ
鄗	*ɡaːwʔ, *kʰraːw, *qʰaːwɢ
鰝	*ɡaːwʔ, *qʰaːwɢ
薃	*ɡaːwʔ
搞	*kruːʔ
敲	*kʰraːw, *kʰraːws
髇	*qʰraːw
嗃	*qʰraːw, *qʰraːws, *qʰaːwɢ
巐	*kʰl'awʔ
歊	*qʰraw, *qʰoːwɢ
謞	*qʰaːwɢ, *qʰraːwɢ
熇	*qʰaːwɢ, *qʰoːwɢ, *qʰoːɡ
碻	*kʰraːwɢ
塙	*kʰraːwɢ
毃	*kʰraːwɢ
翯	*qʰraːwɢ, *ɡraːwɢ, *ɡoːwɢ
瀥	*qʰraːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːw): semantic 土 (“earth; dirt”) + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): háo (hao²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄠˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hou⁴
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hô / hô͘ / ô

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: háo
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄠˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: háo
    • Wade–Giles: hao²
    • Yale: háu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: haur
    • Palladius: хао (xao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɑʊ̯³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hou⁴
    • Yale: hòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: hou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hou̯²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Lukang, Sanxia, Taipei, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô
    • Tâi-lô: hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hooi
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ho¹³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang, Taipei, Yilan, Kinmen): /ho²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Tainan): /hɤ²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²³/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangpu): /ho²¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
    • Tâi-lô: hôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ô
    • Tâi-lô: ô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ooi
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /o²⁴/

Note:

• hô/hô͘ - literary;
• ô - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: haw

Rime
Character	壕
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡刀切
Baxter	haw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaw/
Li Rong	/ɣɑu/
Wang Li	/ɣɑu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	háo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hou4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡaːw/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壕
Reading #	1/1
No.	3749
Phonetic component	高
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	豪
Old Chinese	/*ɡaːw/
Notes	同濠

Definitions

壕

1. moat; channel
2. (military) trench
3. (Internet slang) alternative form of 土豪 (tǔháo, “nouveau riche”)

Compounds

• 交通壕 (jiāotōngháo)
• 城壕 (chéngháo)
• 塹壕 / 堑壕 (qiànháo)
• 塹壕戰 / 堑壕战
• 壕溝 / 壕沟 (háogōu)
• 戰壕 / 战壕 (zhànháo)
• 護城壕 / 护城壕 (hùchéngháo)
• 防空壕 (fángkōngháo)

Japanese

Kanji

壕

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

1. moat, trench

Readings

• Go-on: ごう (gō)
• Kan-on: こう (kō)
• Kun: ほり (hori, 壕)

Compounds

• 掩壕(えんごう) (engō)
• 掩蔽壕(えんぺいごう) (enpeigō)
• 壕舎(ごうしゃ) (gōsha)
• 塹壕(ざんごう) (zangō)
• 散兵壕(さんぺいごう) (sanpeigō)
• 城壕(じょうごう) (jōgō)
• 待避壕(たいひごう) (taihigō)
• 防空壕(ぼうくうごう) (bōkūgō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
壕
ごう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 壕 (háo).

Alternative forms

• 濠

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡo̞ː]
• (Tokyo) ごー [góꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])

Noun

壕(ごう) • (gō) ^{←がう (gau)?}

1. moat, trench

Usage notes

濠 implies one with water, 壕 implies one without water.

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
壕
ほり Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 掘る (horu, “to dig”).

Alternative forms

• 堀, 濠

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ho̞ɾʲi]
• (Tokyo) ほり [hòríꜜ] (Odaka – [2])

Noun

壕(ほり) • (hori) 

1. ditch, canal
2. moat

Derived terms

• 内壕(うちぼり) (uchibori)
• 空壕(からぼり) (karabori)
• 城壕(しろぼり) (shirobori)
• 捨(す)て壕(ぼり) (sutebori)
• 外壕(そとぼり) (sotobori)

References

• “^▲壕”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja

壕 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho)

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Vietnamese

Han character

壕: Hán Nôm readings: hào

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.