柯

Translingual

Han character

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 4192₀, composition ⿰木可)

Derived characters

• 𫈥, 樖

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 520, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
• Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
• Unihan data for U+67EF

---

Chinese

simp. and trad.		柯

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
砢	*ɡ·raːlʔ
柯	*kaːl
菏	*kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁	*kaːl
滒	*kaːl
哥	*kaːl
歌	*kaːl
謌	*kaːl
鴚	*kaːl
哿	*kaːlʔ
舸	*kaːlʔ
笴	*kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻	*kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂	*kʰaːl
可	*kʰaːlʔ
岢	*kʰaːlʔ
坷	*kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵	*kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵	*qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶	*qʰaːl
抲	*qʰaːl
荷	*qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何	*ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河	*ɡaːl
苛	*ɡaːl
魺	*ɡaːl
袔	*ɡaːls
阿	*qaːl
妸	*qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴	*qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳	*qaːl
娿	*qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾	*qaːl
跒	*kʰraːlʔ
閜	*qʰraːlʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kē (ke¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): o¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khô
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): koa / kho

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gua¹ / ko¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kē
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ke
    • Wade–Giles: kʻo¹
    • Yale: kē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
    • Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: o¹
    • Yale: ō
    • Cantonese Pinyin: o¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: o¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔː⁵⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khô
    • Hakka Romanization System: ko´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ko¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰo²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa / kho
    • Tâi-lô: kua / kho
    • Phofsit Daibuun: koaf, qoy
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kua³³/, /kʰo³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰo⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kua⁴⁴/, /kʰɤ⁴⁴/

Note:

• koa - vernacular (surname);
• kho - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gua¹ / ko¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kua / kho
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kua³³/, /kʰo³³/

Note:

• gua1 - vernacular (surname);
• ko1 - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: ka

Rime
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古俄切
Baxter	ka
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ka/
Li Rong	/kɑ/
Wang Li	/kɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	go1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kē
Middle Chinese	‹ ka ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁar/
English	axe-handle
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	柯
Reading #	1/1
No.	7433
Phonetic component	可
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	歌
Old Chinese	/*kaːl/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 柯

1. axe handle
2. stalk, bough
3. a surname

   柯文哲  ―  Kē Wénzhé  ―  Ko Wen-je, incumbent mayor of Taipei

4. Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)
5. tan oak

Descendants

• (Hokkien dialect) Tagalog: Cua

References

• (Min Nan) “Entry #5090”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

---

Japanese

Kanji

柯

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: か (ka)
• Kan-on: か (ka)
• Kun: え (e, 柯)

---

Korean

Hanja

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 柯 (kha)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation