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{{ja-kanjitab|うだ|yomi=i|alt=懐く}}
{{ja-kanjitab|うだ|yomi=i|alt=懐く}}


{{IPAchar|⟨mudaku⟩}} → {{IPAchar|/udaku/}}
{{IPAchar|⟨mudaku⟩}} → {{IPAchar|/mudaku/}} → {{IPAchar|/udaku/}}


Shift from {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=うだく|抱く|tr=mudaku}}.<ref name="KDJ"/>
Shift from {{inh|ja|ojp|sort=うだく|抱く|tr=mudaku}}.<ref name="KDJ"/>

Revision as of 17:50, 10 July 2020

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
抱
だ
Grade: S
kun’yomi

/idaku/ → /daku/

Shift from idaku.[1][2][3]

Compare the shift of 茨 (ibara, “bramble, briar”) → 薔薇 (bara, “rose”).

First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "抱く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		抱く だく [dàkú]
Imperative (命令形) 抱け だけ [dàké]
Key constructions
Passive 抱かれる だかれる [dàkárérú]
Causative 抱かせる だかせる [dàkásérú]
Potential 抱ける だける [dàkérú]
Volitional 抱こう だこ​ー [dàkóꜜò]
Negative 抱かない だかない [dàkánáí]
Negative perfective 抱かなかった だかな​かった [dàkánáꜜkàttà]
Formal 抱きます だきま​す [dàkímáꜜsù]
Perfective 抱いた だいた [dàítá]
Conjunctive 抱いて だいて [dàíté]
Hypothetical conditional 抱けば だけ​ば [dàkéꜜbà]

Verb

抱(だ)く • (daku) transitive godan (stem 抱(だ)き (daki), past 抱(だ)いた (daita))

  1. [circa 999 — present] to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms
    Synonym: 抱擁する (hōyō suru)
  2. [1703 — present] (euphemistic) to sleep with someone
    抱(だ)いてね。 ― daite ne. ― Hold me.
  3. to sit on eggs, to brood on a nest (said of a bird)
  4. [1008 — present] (archaic) to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
  5. [1773 — ] to involve someone in one's own actions or thoughts, particularly in negative contexts
  6. [1822 — ] (archaic) to take a gigolo as a lover (said of a woman working in a brothel as support staff)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "抱く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 抱か だか daka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 抱き だき daki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 抱く だく daku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 抱く だく daku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 抱け だけ dake
Meireikei ("imperative") 抱け だけ dake
Key constructions
Passive 抱かれる だかれる dakareru
Causative 抱かせる
抱かす 		だかせる
だかす 		dakaseru
dakasu
Potential 抱ける だける dakeru
Volitional 抱こう だこう dakō
Negative 抱かない だかない dakanai
Negative continuative 抱かず だかず dakazu
Formal 抱きます だきます dakimasu
Perfective 抱いた だいた daita
Conjunctive 抱いて だいて daite
Hypothetical conditional 抱けば だけば dakeba
Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 抱か だか daka
Continuative (連用形) 抱き だき daki
Terminal (終止形) 抱く だく daku
Attributive (連体形) 抱く だく daku
Realis (已然形) 抱け だけ dake
Imperative (命令形) 抱け だけ dake
Key constructions
Negative 抱かず だかず dakazu
Contrasting conjunction 抱けど だけど dakedo
Causal conjunction 抱けば だけば dakeba
Conditional conjunction 抱かば だかば dakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 抱きき だきき dakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 抱きけり だきけり dakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 抱きつ だきつ dakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 抱きぬ だきぬ dakinu
Perfect-continuative tense 抱けり
抱きたり		 だけり
だきたり		 dakeri
dakitari
Volitional 抱かむ だかむ dakamu
Derived terms
Idioms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
抱
いだ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
懐く
擁く (rare)

/udaku/ → /idaku/

Shift from earlier udaku.[1]

This reading is possibly cited to a work from roughly 850 CE.[1] However, that citation is phonologically ambiguous, and may represent the reading udaku instead. The first unambiguous citation for the idaku reading is in the Tosa Nikki of roughly 935 CE.[1]

While there are numerous examples of mu shifting to u in various words, the mu- → u- → i- shift is unusual, and is shared only by mubara → ubara → ibara (茨, “bramble, briar”).[1]

Found more commonly in 和文 (wabun, “texts written primarily in native Japanese vocabulary”).[1]

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "抱く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		抱く いだ​く [ìdáꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 抱け いだ​け [ìdáꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 抱かれる いだかれ​る [ìdákáréꜜrù]
Causative 抱かせる いだかせ​る [ìdákáséꜜrù]
Potential 抱ける いだけ​る [ìdákéꜜrù]
Volitional 抱こう いだこ​ー [ìdákóꜜò]
Negative 抱かない いだか​ない [ìdákáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 抱かなかった いだか​なかった [ìdákáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 抱きます いだきま​す [ìdákímáꜜsù]
Perfective 抱いた いだ​いた [ìdáꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 抱いて いだ​いて [ìdáꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 抱けば いだ​けば [ìdáꜜkèbà]

Verb

抱(いだ)く • (idaku) transitive godan (stem 抱(いだ)き (idaki), past 抱(いだ)いた (idaita))

  1. [maybe 850 — present] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
    不満(ふまん)を抱(いだ)く
    fuman o idaku
    to harbor dissatisfaction
  2. [circa 935 – present] (literary) to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms
Conjugation
Conjugation of "抱く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 抱か いだか idaka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 抱き いだき idaki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 抱く いだく idaku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 抱く いだく idaku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 抱け いだけ idake
Meireikei ("imperative") 抱け いだけ idake
Key constructions
Passive 抱かれる いだかれる idakareru
Causative 抱かせる
抱かす 		いだかせる
いだかす 		idakaseru
idakasu
Potential 抱ける いだける idakeru
Volitional 抱こう いだこう idakō
Negative 抱かない いだかない idakanai
Negative continuative 抱かず いだかず idakazu
Formal 抱きます いだきます idakimasu
Perfective 抱いた いだいた idaita
Conjunctive 抱いて いだいて idaite
Hypothetical conditional 抱けば いだけば idakeba
Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 抱か いだか idaka
Continuative (連用形) 抱き いだき idaki
Terminal (終止形) 抱く いだく idaku
Attributive (連体形) 抱く いだく idaku
Realis (已然形) 抱け いだけ idake
Imperative (命令形) 抱け いだけ idake
Key constructions
Negative 抱かず いだかず idakazu
Contrasting conjunction 抱けど いだけど idakedo
Causal conjunction 抱けば いだけば idakeba
Conditional conjunction 抱かば いだかば idakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 抱きき いだきき idakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 抱きけり いだきけり idakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 抱きつ いだきつ idakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 抱きぬ いだきぬ idakinu
Perfect-continuative tense 抱けり
抱きたり		 いだけり
いだきたり		 idakeri
idakitari
Volitional 抱かむ いだかむ idakamu
Derived terms
Idioms
Proverbs

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
抱
うだ
Grade: S
irregular
Alternative spelling
懐く

⟨mudaku⟩ → /mudaku/ → /udaku/

Shift from Old Japanese 抱く (mudaku).[1]

First cited to a text from roughly 810 CE.[1]

This reading is encountered more in the context of 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku, “the Japanese reading of texts written primarily in a variety of Classical Chinese”), and it fell out of use in roughly the Kamakura period.[1][2]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ɯ̟ᵝda̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

抱(うだ)く • (udaku) transitive †yodan

  1. [810 — 1200s] (obsolete) to hug, embrace
  2. [883 — 1200s] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 抱か うだか udaka
Continuative (連用形) 抱き うだき udaki
Terminal (終止形) 抱く うだく udaku
Attributive (連体形) 抱く うだく udaku
Realis (已然形) 抱け うだけ udake
Imperative (命令形) 抱け うだけ udake
Key constructions
Negative 抱かず うだかず udakazu
Contrasting conjunction 抱けど うだけど udakedo
Causal conjunction 抱けば うだけば udakeba
Conditional conjunction 抱かば うだかば udakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 抱きき うだきき udakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 抱きけり うだきけり udakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 抱きつ うだきつ udakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 抱きぬ うだきぬ udakinu
Perfect-continuative tense 抱けり
抱きたり		 うだけり
うだきたり		 udakeri
udakitari
Volitional 抱かむ うだかむ udakamu

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Old Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
抱
むだ
Grade: S
irregular

Probably a compound of 身 (mu, combining form of mi2, “body”) +‎ 綰く (taku, “to do an action using one's hands”).[1][2]

First cited in the Man'yōshū of roughly 759 CE. Not attested past the early Heian period.[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [mɯ̟ᵝda̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

抱く (mudaku) (kana むだく)

  1. to hug, embrace

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 抱か むだか mudaka
Continuative (連用形) 抱き むだき mudaki
Terminal (終止形) 抱く むだく mudaku
Attributive (連体形) 抱く むだく mudaku
Realis (已然形) 抱け むだけ mudake
Imperative (命令形) 抱け むだけ mudake
Key constructions
Negative 抱かず むだかず mudakazu
Contrasting conjunction 抱けど むだけど mudakedo
Causal conjunction 抱けば むだけば mudakeba
Conditional conjunction 抱かば むだかば mudakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 抱きき むだきき mudakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 抱きけり むだきけり mudakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 抱きつ むだきつ mudakitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 抱きぬ むだきぬ mudakinu
Perfect-continuative tense 抱けり
抱きたり		 むだけり
むだきたり		 mudakeri
mudakitari
Volitional 抱かむ むだかむ mudakamu

Derived terms

Idioms

Descendants

  • Japanese: 抱く (udaku → idaku → daku)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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