copula
English
Etymology
Borrowed from Latin copula (“connection, linking of words”), from co- (“together”) + apere (“fasten”). Doublet of couple.
Pronunciation
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- Rhymes: -ɒpjələ
- Hyphenation: cop‧u‧la
Noun
copula (plural copulas or copulae) Template:examples-right
- (linguistics, grammar) A word, usually a verb, used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (usually a subject complement or an adverbial), that unites or associates the subject with the predicate.
- 1994, Randall Hendrick, 8: The Brythonic Celtic copula and head raising, David Lightfoot, Norbert Hornstein (editors), Verb Movement, page 163,
- I begin by arguing in section 2 that there are in fact at least two Celtic copulas, a grammatical copula that simply spells out tense and agreement, and a substantive copula formed on a lexically listed verbal stem.
- 2002, Quentin Smith, Language and Time, page 189,
- The theory of conjunctively tensed copulae will be developed and stated with more precision in the following section.
- 2003, Giuliano Bernini, The copula in learner Italian: Finiteness and verbal inflection, Christine Dimroth, Marianne Starren (editors), Information Structure and the Dynamics of Language Acquisition, page 159,
- This paper explores the position of the copula in the development of the verb system in second language acquisition of Italian.
- 2006, Christine Czinglar, Antigone Katiĉić, Katharina Köhler, Chris Schaner-Wolles, Strategies in the L1-Acquisition of Predication: The Copula Construction in German and Croatian, Natalia Gagarina, Insa Gülzow (editors), page 95,
- The present study focuses on the acquisition of a specific verbal element, namely the copula, in predicative constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective (English, German, Croatian).
- 1994, Randall Hendrick, 8: The Brythonic Celtic copula and head raising, David Lightfoot, Norbert Hornstein (editors), Verb Movement, page 163,
- (statistics) A function that represents the association between two or more variables, independent of the individual marginal distributions of the variables.
- 2009 March 10, Dennis Overbye, “Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess”, in New York Times[1]:
- In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussian copulas to estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.
- 2009, N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai, Continuous Bivariate Distributions, page 59,
- There is little statistical theoretical theory for copulas. Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests for copulas are unknown.
- 2011, Julian Shaw, Chapter 16: Julian Shaw, Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter (editors), How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite, page 240,
- Copulas provide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by its copula (which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matching copulas and marginal distributions.
- 2011, Ostap Okhrin, Chapter 17: Fitting High-Dimensional Copulae to Data, Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle (editors), Handbook of Computational Finance, page 482,
- A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC).
- (music) A device that connects two or more keyboards of an organ.
- (biology) The act of copulation; mating.
Synonyms
- (grammar): linking verb, copular, copular verb
Derived terms
Related terms
Translations
grammar: linking kind of word
|
statistics: measure of association
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See also
- Appendix:List of English copulae
Copula (linguistics) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Copula (probability theory) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Copula (music) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
References
- “copula”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
- “copula”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911, →OCLC.
Anagrams
Catalan
Verb
copula
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Dutch
Etymology
Ultimately from Latin copula. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
Noun
copula f (plural copula's or copulae)
- (grammar) copula
- (ichthyology, dated) a connective segment or piece of tissue, usually of cartilage, chiefly in fish
French
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kɔ.py.la/
- Homophones: copulas, copulât
Verb
copula
- third-person singular past historic of copuler
Italian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Latin cōpula, contraction of an earlier form *coapula, derived from con- (“together”) + apō (“I join”).. Doublet of coppia.
Noun
copula f (plural copule)
Related terms
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
copula
- inflection of copulare:
Anagrams
Latin
Etymology
Contraction of *coapula, from con- (“together”) + apō (“I join”).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈkoː.pu.la/, [ˈkoːpʊɫ̪ä]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈko.pu.la/, [ˈkɔːpulä]
Noun
cōpula f (genitive cōpulae); first declension
- A bond, tie, or other connecting item.
Declension
First-declension noun.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | cōpula | cōpulae |
Genitive | cōpulae | cōpulārum |
Dative | cōpulae | cōpulīs |
Accusative | cōpulam | cōpulās |
Ablative | cōpulā | cōpulīs |
Vocative | cōpula | cōpulae |
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- “copula”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “copula”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- copula in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
Portuguese
Verb
copula
Spanish
Pronunciation
Verb
copula
Categories:
- English terms borrowed from Latin
- English terms derived from Latin
- English doublets
- English 3-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:English/ɒpjələ
- English lemmas
- English nouns
- English countable nouns
- English nouns with irregular plurals
- en:Linguistics
- en:Grammar
- en:Statistics
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- en:Music
- en:Biology
- Catalan non-lemma forms
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- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch nouns
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- Dutch feminine nouns
- nl:Grammar
- nl:Animal tissues
- nl:Ichthyology
- Dutch dated terms
- French 3-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms with homophones
- French non-lemma forms
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- Italian 3-syllable words
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- Rhymes:Italian/ɔpula
- Italian terms borrowed from Latin
- Italian terms derived from Latin
- Italian doublets
- Italian lemmas
- Italian nouns
- Italian countable nouns
- Italian feminine nouns
- Italian non-lemma forms
- Italian verb forms
- Latin 3-syllable words
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- Latin nouns
- Latin first declension nouns
- Latin feminine nouns in the first declension
- Latin feminine nouns
- Portuguese non-lemma forms
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- Spanish verb forms
- Spanish forms of verbs ending in -ar