jivuna

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Swahili

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Etymology

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From Malagasy avona (pride), formed as if the reflexive form of the unrelated verb -vuna (to harvest).

Pronunciation

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  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Verb

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-jivuna (infinitive kujivuna)

  1. to be proud

Conjugation

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Conjugation of -jivuna
Positive present -najivuna
Subjunctive -jivune
Negative -jivuni
Imperative singular jivuna
Infinitives
Positive kujivuna
Negative kutojivuna
Imperatives
Singular jivuna
Plural jivuneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hujivuna
Positive past positive subject concord + -lijivuna
Negative past negative subject concord + -kujivuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -najivuna)
Singular Plural
1st person ninajivuna/najivuna tunajivuna
2nd person unajivuna mnajivuna
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anajivuna wanajivuna
other classes positive subject concord + -najivuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -jivuni)
Singular Plural
1st person sijivuni hatujivuni
2nd person hujivuni hamjivuni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) hajivuni hawajivuni
other classes negative subject concord + -jivuni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tajivuna
Negative future negative subject concord + -tajivuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -jivune)
Singular Plural
1st person nijivune tujivune
2nd person ujivune mjivune
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ajivune wajivune
other classes positive subject concord + -jivune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sijivune
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngejivuna
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singejivuna
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalijivuna
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalijivuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ajivuna)
Singular Plural
1st person najivuna twajivuna
2nd person wajivuna mwajivuna
3rd person m-wa(I/II) ajivuna wajivuna
m-mi(III/IV) wajivuna yajivuna
ji-ma(V/VI) lajivuna yajivuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chajivuna vyajivuna
n(IX/X) yajivuna zajivuna
u(XI) wajivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwajivuna
pa(XVI) pajivuna
mu(XVIII) mwajivuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mejivuna
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshajivuna
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jajivuna
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kijivuna
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipojivuna
Consecutive kajivuna / positive subject concord + -kajivuna
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kajivune
Object concord (indicative positive)
Singular Plural
1st person -nijivuna -tujivuna
2nd person -kujivuna -wajivuna/-kujivuneni/-wajivuneni
3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mjivuna -wajivuna
m-mi(III/IV) -ujivuna -ijivuna
ji-ma(V/VI) -lijivuna -yajivuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kijivuna -vijivuna
n(IX/X) -ijivuna -zijivuna
u(XI) -ujivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kujivuna
pa(XVI) -pajivuna
mu(XVIII) -mujivuna
Reflexive -jijivuna
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -jivuna- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -jivunaye -jivunao
m-mi(III/IV) -jivunao -jivunayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -jivunalo -jivunayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -jivunacho -jivunavyo
n(IX/X) -jivunayo -jivunazo
u(XI) -jivunao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -jivunako
pa(XVI) -jivunapo
mu(XVIII) -jivunamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -jivuna)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yejivuna -ojivuna
m-mi(III/IV) -ojivuna -yojivuna
ji-ma(V/VI) -lojivuna -yojivuna
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chojivuna -vyojivuna
n(IX/X) -yojivuna -zojivuna
u(XI) -ojivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kojivuna
pa(XVI) -pojivuna
mu(XVIII) -mojivuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

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