vuna

Phuthi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vúna

1. to harvest

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьlna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wílˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʋûna/
• Hyphenation: vu‧na

Noun

vȕna f (Cyrillic spelling ву̏на)

1. wool

Declension

Declension of vuna

	singular	plural
nominative	vuna	vune
genitive	vune	vuna
dative	vuni	vunama
accusative	vunu	vune
vocative	vuno	vune
locative	vuni	vunama
instrumental	vunom	vunama

Further reading

• “vuna” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya)

  (file)

Verb

-vuna (infinitive kuvuna)

1. to harvest, reap
2. to profit

Usage notes

The reflexive with -ji- is not used, as it is identical in form with the unrelated verb -jivuna.

Conjugation

Conjugation of -vuna
Positive present -navuna Subjunctive -vune Negative -vuni Imperative singular vuna
Infinitives
Positive kuvuna Negative kutovuna
Imperatives
Singular vuna Plural vuneni
Tensed forms
Habitual huvuna Positive past positive subject concord + -livuna Negative past negative subject concord + -kuvuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -navuna) Singular Plural 1st person ninavuna/navuna tunavuna 2nd person unavuna mnavuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anavuna wanavuna other classes positive subject concord + -navuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -vuni) Singular Plural 1st person sivuni hatuvuni 2nd person huvuni hamvuni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) havuni hawavuni other classes negative subject concord + -vuni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tavuna Negative future negative subject concord + -tavuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -vune) Singular Plural 1st person nivune tuvune 2nd person uvune mvune 3rd person m-wa(I/II) avune wavune other classes positive subject concord + -vune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sivune Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngevuna Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singevuna Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalivuna Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalivuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -avuna) Singular Plural 1st person navuna twavuna 2nd person wavuna mwavuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) avuna wavuna m-mi(III/IV) wavuna yavuna ji-ma(V/VI) lavuna yavuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) chavuna vyavuna n(IX/X) yavuna zavuna u(XI) wavuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwavuna pa(XVI) pavuna mu(XVIII) mwavuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mevuna "Already" positive subject concord + -meshavuna "Not yet" negative subject concord + -javuna "If/When" positive subject concord + -kivuna "If not" positive subject concord + -sipovuna Consecutive kavuna / positive subject concord + -kavuna Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kavune
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nivuna -tuvuna 2nd person -kuvuna -wavuna/-kuvuneni/-wavuneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mvuna -wavuna m-mi(III/IV) -uvuna -ivuna ji-ma(V/VI) -livuna -yavuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kivuna -vivuna n(IX/X) -ivuna -zivuna u(XI) -uvuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kuvuna pa(XVI) -pavuna mu(XVIII) -muvuna Reflexive -jivuna
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -vuna- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -vunaye -vunao m-mi(III/IV) -vunao -vunayo ji-ma(V/VI) -vunalo -vunayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -vunacho -vunavyo n(IX/X) -vunayo -vunazo u(XI) -vunao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -vunako pa(XVI) -vunapo mu(XVIII) -vunamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -vuna) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yevuna -ovuna m-mi(III/IV) -ovuna -yovuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lovuna -yovuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chovuna -vyovuna n(IX/X) -yovuna -zovuna u(XI) -ovuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kovuna pa(XVI) -povuna mu(XVIII) -movuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -vunia
  • Causative: -vunisha
  • Passive: -vunwa
  • Stative: -vunika

• Nominal derivations:
  • mavuno (“harvest”)

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vûna

1. (transitive) to pick, to reap, to harvest

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-búna.

Verb

-vúna

1. (transitive) to harvest

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukuvuna
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuvuna	ukungavuni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	vuna	-vune
Plural	vunani	-vuneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyavuna, ngivuna	engivunayo, engivuna	ngivuna	angivuni	engingavuni	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
1st plural	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
2nd plural	niyavuna, nivuna	enivunayo, enivuna	nivuna	anivuni	eningavuni	ningavuni
Class 1	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	evuna	akavuni	ongavuni	engavuni
Class 2	bayavuna, bavuna	abavunayo, abavuna	bevuna	abavuni	abangavuni	bengavuni
Class 3	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
Class 4	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 5	liyavuna, livuna	elivunayo, elivuna	livuna	alivuni	elingavuni	lingavuni
Class 6	ayavuna, avuna	avunayo, avuna	evuna	awavuni	angavuni	engavuni
Class 7	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
Class 8	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 9	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 10	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 11	luyavuna, luvuna	oluvunayo, oluvuna	luvuna	aluvuni	olungavuni	lungavuni
Class 14	buyavuna, buvuna	obuvunayo, obuvuna	buvuna	abuvuni	obungavuni	bungavuni
Class 15	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
Class 17	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngivunile, ngivunē	engivunile, engivunē	ngivunile, ngivunē	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nivunile, nivunē	enivunile, enivunē	nivunile, nivunē	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	evunile, evunē	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bavunile, bavunē	abavunile, abavunē	bevunile, bevunē	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	livunile, livunē	elivunile, elivunē	livunile, livunē	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	avunile, avunē	avunile, avunē	evunile, evunē	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	luvunile, luvunē	oluvunile, oluvunē	luvunile, luvunē	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	buvunile, buvunē	obuvunile, obuvunē	buvunile, buvunē	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāvuna	engāvuna	ngāvuna	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nāvuna	enāvuna	nāvuna	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	wāvuna	owāvuna	āvuna	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bāvuna	abāvuna	bāvuna	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	lāvuna	elāvuna	lāvuna	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	āvuna	āvuna	āvuna	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	lwāvuna	olwāvuna	lwāvuna	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	bāvuna	obāvuna	bāvuna	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingavuna	—	ngingavuna	ngingevune	—	ngingevune
2nd singular	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
1st plural	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
2nd plural	ningavuna	—	ningavuna	ningevune	—	ningevune
Class 1	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 2	bangavuna	—	bengavuna	bangevune	—	bengevune
Class 3	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
Class 4	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 5	lingavuna	—	lingavuna	lingevune	—	lingevune
Class 6	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 7	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
Class 8	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 9	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 10	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 11	lungavuna	—	lungavuna	lungevune	—	lungevune
Class 14	bungavuna	—	bungavuna	bungevune	—	bungevune
Class 15	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
Class 17	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizovuna	engizovuna	ngizovuna	angizuvuna	engingezuvuna	ngingezuvuna
2nd singular	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	ongezuvuna	ungezuvuna
1st plural	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	esingezuvuna	singezuvuna
2nd plural	nizovuna	enizovuna	nizovuna	anizuvuna	eningezuvuna	ningezuvuna
Class 1	uzovuna	ozovuna	ezovuna	akazuvuna	ongezuvuna	engezuvuna
Class 2	bazovuna	abazovuna	bezovuna	abazuvuna	abangezuvuna	bengezuvuna
Class 3	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	ongezuvuna	ungezuvuna
Class 4	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	engezuvuna	ingezuvuna
Class 5	lizovuna	elizovuna	lizovuna	alizuvuna	elingezuvuna	lingezuvuna
Class 6	azovuna	azovuna	ezovuna	awazuvuna	angezuvuna	engezuvuna
Class 7	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	esingezuvuna	singezuvuna
Class 8	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	ezingezuvuna	zingezuvuna
Class 9	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	engezuvuna	ingezuvuna
Class 10	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	ezingezuvuna	zingezuvuna
Class 11	luzovuna	oluzovuna	luzovuna	aluzuvuna	olungezuvuna	lungezuvuna
Class 14	buzovuna	obuzovuna	buzovuna	abuzuvuna	obungezuvuna	bungezuvuna
Class 15	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	okungezuvuna	kungezuvuna
Class 17	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	okungezuvuna	kungezuvuna
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyovuna	engiyovuna	ngiyovuna	angiyuvuna	engingeyuvuna	ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	ongeyuvuna	ungeyuvuna
1st plural	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	esingeyuvuna	singeyuvuna
2nd plural	niyovuna	eniyovuna	niyovuna	aniyuvuna	eningeyuvuna	ningeyuvuna
Class 1	uyovuna	oyovuna	eyovuna	akayuvuna	ongeyuvuna	engeyuvuna
Class 2	bayovuna	abayovuna	beyovuna	abayuvuna	abangeyuvuna	bengeyuvuna
Class 3	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	ongeyuvuna	ungeyuvuna
Class 4	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	engeyuvuna	ingeyuvuna
Class 5	liyovuna	eliyovuna	liyovuna	aliyuvuna	elingeyuvuna	lingeyuvuna
Class 6	ayovuna	ayovuna	eyovuna	awayuvuna	angeyuvuna	engeyuvuna
Class 7	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	esingeyuvuna	singeyuvuna
Class 8	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	ezingeyuvuna	zingeyuvuna
Class 9	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	engeyuvuna	ingeyuvuna
Class 10	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	ezingeyuvuna	zingeyuvuna
Class 11	luyovuna	oluyovuna	luyovuna	aluyuvuna	olungeyuvuna	lungeyuvuna
Class 14	buyovuna	obuyovuna	buyovuna	abuyuvuna	obungeyuvuna	bungeyuvuna
Class 15	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	okungeyuvuna	kungeyuvuna
Class 17	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	okungeyuvuna	kungeyuvuna
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngivune	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uvune	ungavuni
1st plural	sivune	singavuni
2nd plural	nivune	ningavuni
Class 1	avune	angavuni
Class 2	bavune	bangavuni
Class 3	uvune	ungavuni
Class 4	ivune	ingavuni
Class 5	livune	lingavuni
Class 6	avune	angavuni
Class 7	sivune	singavuni
Class 8	zivune	zingavuni
Class 9	ivune	ingavuni
Class 10	zivune	zingavuni
Class 11	luvune	lungavuni
Class 14	buvune	bungavuni
Class 15	kuvune	kungavuni
Class 17	kuvune	kungavuni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngavuna	ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
2nd singular	wavuna	wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
1st plural	savuna	sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
2nd plural	navuna	nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
Class 1	wavuna	wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
Class 2	bavuna	bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
Class 3	wavuna	wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
Class 4	yavuna	yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
Class 5	lavuna	langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
Class 6	avuna	angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
Class 7	savuna	sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
Class 8	zavuna	zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
Class 9	yavuna	yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
Class 10	zavuna	zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
Class 11	lwavuna	lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
Class 14	bavuna	bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
Class 15	kwavuna	kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
Class 17	kwavuna	kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-vúna

1. (transitive) to side with (in a dispute), to be partial towards

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukuvuna
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuvuna	ukungavuni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	vuna	-vune
Plural	vunani	-vuneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyavuna, ngivuna	engivunayo, engivuna	ngivuna	angivuni	engingavuni	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
1st plural	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
2nd plural	niyavuna, nivuna	enivunayo, enivuna	nivuna	anivuni	eningavuni	ningavuni
Class 1	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	evuna	akavuni	ongavuni	engavuni
Class 2	bayavuna, bavuna	abavunayo, abavuna	bevuna	abavuni	abangavuni	bengavuni
Class 3	uyavuna, uvuna	ovunayo, ovuna	uvuna	awuvuni	ongavuni	ungavuni
Class 4	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 5	liyavuna, livuna	elivunayo, elivuna	livuna	alivuni	elingavuni	lingavuni
Class 6	ayavuna, avuna	avunayo, avuna	evuna	awavuni	angavuni	engavuni
Class 7	siyavuna, sivuna	esivunayo, esivuna	sivuna	asivuni	esingavuni	singavuni
Class 8	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 9	iyavuna, ivuna	evunayo, evuna	ivuna	ayivuni	engavuni	ingavuni
Class 10	ziyavuna, zivuna	ezivunayo, ezivuna	zivuna	azivuni	ezingavuni	zingavuni
Class 11	luyavuna, luvuna	oluvunayo, oluvuna	luvuna	aluvuni	olungavuni	lungavuni
Class 14	buyavuna, buvuna	obuvunayo, obuvuna	buvuna	abuvuni	obungavuni	bungavuni
Class 15	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
Class 17	kuyavuna, kuvuna	okuvunayo, okuvuna	kuvuna	akuvuni	okungavuni	kungavuni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngivunile, ngivunē	engivunile, engivunē	ngivunile, ngivunē	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nivunile, nivunē	enivunile, enivunē	nivunile, nivunē	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	evunile, evunē	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bavunile, bavunē	abavunile, abavunē	bevunile, bevunē	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	uvunile, uvunē	ovunile, ovunē	uvunile, uvunē	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	livunile, livunē	elivunile, elivunē	livunile, livunē	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	avunile, avunē	avunile, avunē	evunile, evunē	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sivunile, sivunē	esivunile, esivunē	sivunile, sivunē	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	ivunile, ivunē	evunile, evunē	ivunile, ivunē	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zivunile, zivunē	ezivunile, ezivunē	zivunile, zivunē	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	luvunile, luvunē	oluvunile, oluvunē	luvunile, luvunē	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	buvunile, buvunē	obuvunile, obuvunē	buvunile, buvunē	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kuvunile, kuvunē	okuvunile, okuvunē	kuvunile, kuvunē	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāvuna	engāvuna	ngāvuna	angivunanga	engingavunanga	ngingavunanga
2nd singular	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
1st plural	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
2nd plural	nāvuna	enāvuna	nāvuna	anivunanga	eningavunanga	ningavunanga
Class 1	wāvuna	owāvuna	āvuna	akavunanga	ongavunanga	engavunanga
Class 2	bāvuna	abāvuna	bāvuna	abavunanga	abangavunanga	bengavunanga
Class 3	wāvuna	owāvuna	wāvuna	awuvunanga	ongavunanga	ungavunanga
Class 4	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 5	lāvuna	elāvuna	lāvuna	alivunanga	elingavunanga	lingavunanga
Class 6	āvuna	āvuna	āvuna	awavunanga	angavunanga	engavunanga
Class 7	sāvuna	esāvuna	sāvuna	asivunanga	esingavunanga	singavunanga
Class 8	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 9	yāvuna	eyāvuna	yāvuna	ayivunanga	engavunanga	ingavunanga
Class 10	zāvuna	ezāvuna	zāvuna	azivunanga	ezingavunanga	zingavunanga
Class 11	lwāvuna	olwāvuna	lwāvuna	aluvunanga	olungavunanga	lungavunanga
Class 14	bāvuna	obāvuna	bāvuna	abuvunanga	obungavunanga	bungavunanga
Class 15	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
Class 17	kwāvuna	okwāvuna	kwāvuna	akuvunanga	okungavunanga	kungavunanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingavuna	—	ngingavuna	ngingevune	—	ngingevune
2nd singular	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
1st plural	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
2nd plural	ningavuna	—	ningavuna	ningevune	—	ningevune
Class 1	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 2	bangavuna	—	bengavuna	bangevune	—	bengevune
Class 3	ungavuna	—	ungavuna	ungevune	—	ungevune
Class 4	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 5	lingavuna	—	lingavuna	lingevune	—	lingevune
Class 6	angavuna	—	engavuna	angevune	—	engevune
Class 7	singavuna	—	singavuna	singevune	—	singevune
Class 8	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 9	ingavuna	—	ingavuna	ingevune	—	ingevune
Class 10	zingavuna	—	zingavuna	zingevune	—	zingevune
Class 11	lungavuna	—	lungavuna	lungevune	—	lungevune
Class 14	bungavuna	—	bungavuna	bungevune	—	bungevune
Class 15	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
Class 17	kungavuna	—	kungavuna	kungevune	—	kungevune
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizovuna	engizovuna	ngizovuna	angizuvuna	engingezuvuna	ngingezuvuna
2nd singular	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	ongezuvuna	ungezuvuna
1st plural	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	esingezuvuna	singezuvuna
2nd plural	nizovuna	enizovuna	nizovuna	anizuvuna	eningezuvuna	ningezuvuna
Class 1	uzovuna	ozovuna	ezovuna	akazuvuna	ongezuvuna	engezuvuna
Class 2	bazovuna	abazovuna	bezovuna	abazuvuna	abangezuvuna	bengezuvuna
Class 3	uzovuna	ozovuna	uzovuna	awuzuvuna	ongezuvuna	ungezuvuna
Class 4	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	engezuvuna	ingezuvuna
Class 5	lizovuna	elizovuna	lizovuna	alizuvuna	elingezuvuna	lingezuvuna
Class 6	azovuna	azovuna	ezovuna	awazuvuna	angezuvuna	engezuvuna
Class 7	sizovuna	esizovuna	sizovuna	asizuvuna	esingezuvuna	singezuvuna
Class 8	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	ezingezuvuna	zingezuvuna
Class 9	izovuna	ezovuna	izovuna	ayizuvuna	engezuvuna	ingezuvuna
Class 10	zizovuna	ezizovuna	zizovuna	azizuvuna	ezingezuvuna	zingezuvuna
Class 11	luzovuna	oluzovuna	luzovuna	aluzuvuna	olungezuvuna	lungezuvuna
Class 14	buzovuna	obuzovuna	buzovuna	abuzuvuna	obungezuvuna	bungezuvuna
Class 15	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	okungezuvuna	kungezuvuna
Class 17	kuzovuna	okuzovuna	kuzovuna	akuzuvuna	okungezuvuna	kungezuvuna
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyovuna	engiyovuna	ngiyovuna	angiyuvuna	engingeyuvuna	ngingeyuvuna
2nd singular	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	ongeyuvuna	ungeyuvuna
1st plural	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	esingeyuvuna	singeyuvuna
2nd plural	niyovuna	eniyovuna	niyovuna	aniyuvuna	eningeyuvuna	ningeyuvuna
Class 1	uyovuna	oyovuna	eyovuna	akayuvuna	ongeyuvuna	engeyuvuna
Class 2	bayovuna	abayovuna	beyovuna	abayuvuna	abangeyuvuna	bengeyuvuna
Class 3	uyovuna	oyovuna	uyovuna	awuyuvuna	ongeyuvuna	ungeyuvuna
Class 4	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	engeyuvuna	ingeyuvuna
Class 5	liyovuna	eliyovuna	liyovuna	aliyuvuna	elingeyuvuna	lingeyuvuna
Class 6	ayovuna	ayovuna	eyovuna	awayuvuna	angeyuvuna	engeyuvuna
Class 7	siyovuna	esiyovuna	siyovuna	asiyuvuna	esingeyuvuna	singeyuvuna
Class 8	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	ezingeyuvuna	zingeyuvuna
Class 9	iyovuna	eyovuna	iyovuna	ayiyuvuna	engeyuvuna	ingeyuvuna
Class 10	ziyovuna	eziyovuna	ziyovuna	aziyuvuna	ezingeyuvuna	zingeyuvuna
Class 11	luyovuna	oluyovuna	luyovuna	aluyuvuna	olungeyuvuna	lungeyuvuna
Class 14	buyovuna	obuyovuna	buyovuna	abuyuvuna	obungeyuvuna	bungeyuvuna
Class 15	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	okungeyuvuna	kungeyuvuna
Class 17	kuyovuna	okuyovuna	kuyovuna	akuyuvuna	okungeyuvuna	kungeyuvuna
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngivune	ngingavuni
2nd singular	uvune	ungavuni
1st plural	sivune	singavuni
2nd plural	nivune	ningavuni
Class 1	avune	angavuni
Class 2	bavune	bangavuni
Class 3	uvune	ungavuni
Class 4	ivune	ingavuni
Class 5	livune	lingavuni
Class 6	avune	angavuni
Class 7	sivune	singavuni
Class 8	zivune	zingavuni
Class 9	ivune	ingavuni
Class 10	zivune	zingavuni
Class 11	luvune	lungavuni
Class 14	buvune	bungavuni
Class 15	kuvune	kungavuni
Class 17	kuvune	kungavuni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngavuna	ngangavuna, angavuna, angangavuna
2nd singular	wavuna	wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
1st plural	savuna	sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
2nd plural	navuna	nangavuna, anavuna, anangavuna
Class 1	wavuna	wangavuna, akavuna, akangavuna
Class 2	bavuna	bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
Class 3	wavuna	wangavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
Class 4	yavuna	yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
Class 5	lavuna	langavuna, alavuna, alangavuna
Class 6	avuna	angavuna, awavuna, awangavuna
Class 7	savuna	sangavuna, asavuna, asangavuna
Class 8	zavuna	zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
Class 9	yavuna	yangavuna, ayavuna, ayangavuna
Class 10	zavuna	zangavuna, azavuna, azangavuna
Class 11	lwavuna	lwangavuna, alwavuna, alwangavuna
Class 14	bavuna	bangavuna, abavuna, abangavuna
Class 15	kwavuna	kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna
Class 17	kwavuna	kwangavuna, akwavuna, akwangavuna

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “vuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “vuna (6-3.9)”