stemma

English

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek στέμμα (stémma).

Noun

stemma (plural stemmata or stemmas)

1. A family tree or recorded genealogy.
   • 1941, Sterling Dow, “A Family of Sculptors from Tyre”, in Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens‎^[1], →DOI, page 359:

     Where so few dates are known, an authoritative stemma is out of the question

2. In the study of stemmatics, a diagram showing the relationship of a text to its manuscripts.
3. One of the types of simple eyes in arthropods.

Related terms

• stemma codicum
• stemmatics

Finnish

Etymology

From Swedish stämma.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstemːɑ/, [ˈs̠te̞mːɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -emːɑ
• Syllabification^(key): stem‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): stem‧ma

Noun

stemma

1. (music) part, voice; harmony (melody played or sung by a particular instrument, voice, or group of instruments or voices, within a polyphonic piece)

   laulaa stemmoja

   to sing harmonies

Declension

Inflection of stemma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		stemma	stemmat
genitive		stemman	stemmojen
partitive		stemmaa	stemmoja
illative		stemmaan	stemmoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		stemma	stemmat
accusative	nom.	stemma	stemmat
	gen.	stemman
genitive		stemman	stemmojen stemmain rare
partitive		stemmaa	stemmoja
inessive		stemmassa	stemmoissa
elative		stemmasta	stemmoista
illative		stemmaan	stemmoihin
adessive		stemmalla	stemmoilla
ablative		stemmalta	stemmoilta
allative		stemmalle	stemmoille
essive		stemmana	stemmoina
translative		stemmaksi	stemmoiksi
abessive		stemmatta	stemmoitta
instructive		—	stemmoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of stemma (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative stemmani stemmani accusative nom. stemmani stemmani gen. stemmani genitive stemmani stemmojeni stemmaini rare partitive stemmaani stemmojani inessive stemmassani stemmoissani elative stemmastani stemmoistani illative stemmaani stemmoihini adessive stemmallani stemmoillani ablative stemmaltani stemmoiltani allative stemmalleni stemmoilleni essive stemmanani stemmoinani translative stemmakseni stemmoikseni abessive stemmattani stemmoittani instructive — — comitative — stemmoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative stemmasi stemmasi accusative nom. stemmasi stemmasi gen. stemmasi genitive stemmasi stemmojesi stemmaisi rare partitive stemmaasi stemmojasi inessive stemmassasi stemmoissasi elative stemmastasi stemmoistasi illative stemmaasi stemmoihisi adessive stemmallasi stemmoillasi ablative stemmaltasi stemmoiltasi allative stemmallesi stemmoillesi essive stemmanasi stemmoinasi translative stemmaksesi stemmoiksesi abessive stemmattasi stemmoittasi instructive — — comitative — stemmoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative stemmamme stemmamme accusative nom. stemmamme stemmamme gen. stemmamme genitive stemmamme stemmojemme stemmaimme rare partitive stemmaamme stemmojamme inessive stemmassamme stemmoissamme elative stemmastamme stemmoistamme illative stemmaamme stemmoihimme adessive stemmallamme stemmoillamme ablative stemmaltamme stemmoiltamme allative stemmallemme stemmoillemme essive stemmanamme stemmoinamme translative stemmaksemme stemmoiksemme abessive stemmattamme stemmoittamme instructive — — comitative — stemmoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative stemmanne stemmanne accusative nom. stemmanne stemmanne gen. stemmanne genitive stemmanne stemmojenne stemmainne rare partitive stemmaanne stemmojanne inessive stemmassanne stemmoissanne elative stemmastanne stemmoistanne illative stemmaanne stemmoihinne adessive stemmallanne stemmoillanne ablative stemmaltanne stemmoiltanne allative stemmallenne stemmoillenne essive stemmananne stemmoinanne translative stemmaksenne stemmoiksenne abessive stemmattanne stemmoittanne instructive — — comitative — stemmoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative stemmansa stemmansa accusative nom. stemmansa stemmansa gen. stemmansa genitive stemmansa stemmojensa stemmainsa rare partitive stemmaansa stemmojaan stemmojansa inessive stemmassaan stemmassansa stemmoissaan stemmoissansa elative stemmastaan stemmastansa stemmoistaan stemmoistansa illative stemmaansa stemmoihinsa adessive stemmallaan stemmallansa stemmoillaan stemmoillansa ablative stemmaltaan stemmaltansa stemmoiltaan stemmoiltansa allative stemmalleen stemmallensa stemmoilleen stemmoillensa essive stemmanaan stemmanansa stemmoinaan stemmoinansa translative stemmakseen stemmaksensa stemmoikseen stemmoiksensa abessive stemmattaan stemmattansa stemmoittaan stemmoittansa instructive — — comitative — stemmoineen stemmoinensa

Derived terms

compounds

• stemmaharjoitus
• stemmalaulu

Further reading

• “stemma”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• sammet

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɛmːa/
• Rhymes: -ɛmːa

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse stemma (“to halt, to dam”), from Proto-Germanic *stammijaną. Compare Swedish stämma (“to block”), Old English gistemen (“to restrain”), English stem and English stammer.

Verb

stemma (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative stemmdi, supine stemmt)

1. to stop, block, stem

   Synonym: stífla

Conjugation

stemma – active voice (germynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að stemma
supine sagnbót		stemmt
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		stemmandi
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	stemmi	stemmdi		stemmi	stemmdi
	þú	stemmir	stemmdir		stemmir	stemmdir
	hann, hún, það	stemmir	stemmdi		stemmi	stemmdi
plural	við	stemmum	stemmdum		stemmum	stemmdum
	þið	stemmið	stemmduð		stemmið	stemmduð
	þeir, þær, þau	stemma	stemmdu		stemmi	stemmdu
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	stemm (þú), stemmdu
plural	þið	stemmið (þið), stemmiði1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

stemmdur — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	stemmdur	stemmd	stemmt	stemmdir	stemmdar	stemmd
accusative (þolfall)	stemmdan	stemmda	stemmt	stemmda	stemmdar	stemmd
dative (þágufall)	stemmdum	stemmdri	stemmdu	stemmdum	stemmdum	stemmdum
genitive (eignarfall)	stemmds	stemmdrar	stemmds	stemmdra	stemmdra	stemmdra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	stemmdi	stemmda	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmdu	stemmdu
accusative (þolfall)	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmdu	stemmdu
dative (þágufall)	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmdu	stemmdu
genitive (eignarfall)	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmda	stemmdu	stemmdu	stemmdu

Derived terms

• stemma stigu við
• stemmdur

Etymology 2

Derived from the verb stemma (1) or the related adjective stamur, which shows variation between -m- and -mm- in the stem; compare Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌼𐍃 (stamms).

Noun

stemma f (genitive singular stemmu, nominative plural stemmur)

1. dam
2. stiffness
3. moistness

Declension

Declension of stemma (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	stemma	stemman	stemmur	stemmurnar
accusative	stemmu	stemmuna	stemmur	stemmurnar
dative	stemmu	stemmunni	stemmum	stemmunum
genitive	stemmu	stemmunnar	stemma	stemmanna

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Danish stemme, from Middle Low German stemmen. Related to stemma (“melody [for a ballad]”) (4).

Verb

stemma (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative stemmdi, supine stemmt)

1. to fit, to agree with, to correspond to, to coincide with

   Synonyms: koma heim, koma heim og saman, passa

2. (music, of an instrument) to be in tune
3. (music) to tune (an instrument)

   Synonym: stilla

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Danish stemme (“voice; musical part; vote”).

Noun

stemma f (genitive singular stemmu, nominative plural stemmur)

1. (obsolete) a musical voice or sound
2. a melody, generally for ballads (rímur)
3. (obsolete) vote (instance of participating in a formalized choice by a group)

Declension

Declension of stemma (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	stemma	stemman	stemmur	stemmurnar
accusative	stemmu	stemmuna	stemmur	stemmurnar
dative	stemmu	stemmunni	stemmum	stemmunum
genitive	stemmu	stemmunnar	stemma	stemmanna

Etymology 5

Learned borrowing from Latin stemma (“garland, wreath; pedigree, family tree”), from Ancient Greek στέμμα (stémma, “garland, wreath”).

Noun

stemma n (genitive singular stemma, nominative plural stemmu)

1. (stemmatics, very rare) stemma (diagram showing the relationship of variants of a text)
   • 2011, Þórdís Edda Jóhannesdóttir, “Sigurdrífumál og eyðan í Konungsbók Eddukvæða”, in Gripla, volume XXIII, page 303 of 287—317:

     Varðveisla handritsins veldur líklega mestum vandræðum í stemmanu.

     The preservation of the manuscript probably causes the greatest problems in the stemma.

Declension

Declension of stemma (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	stemma	stemmað	stemmu	stemmun
accusative	stemma	stemmað	stemmu	stemmun
dative	stemma	stemmanu	stemmum	stemmunum
genitive	stemma	stemmans	stemma	stemmanna

References

• Ásgeir Blöndal Magnússon (1989) “stemma”, in Íslensk orðsifjabók, Reykjavík: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, →ISBN (Available at Málið.is under the “Eldri orðabækur” tab.)

Italian

Etymology

From Latin stemma, from Ancient Greek στέμμα (stémma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɛm.ma/
• Rhymes: -ɛmma
• Hyphenation: stèm‧ma

Noun

stemma m (plural stemmi)

1. coat of arms, scutcheon, charge

Latin

FWOTD – 1 July 2015

Alternative forms

• stegma, stigma (Medieval Latin)

Etymology

From the Ancient Greek στέμμα (stémma).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈstɛm.ma]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈst̪ɛm.ma]

Noun

stemma n (genitive stemmatis); third declension

1. (post-Classical, in general) a garland or wreath
2. (post-Augustan, in particular) a garland hung upon an ancestral image
   1. (transferred sense) a pedigree, geneagram, or family tree
      1. (figurative) nobility, honoured pedigree, august lineage

         argentī fūmōsa suī stemmata nārrāre

         (please add an English translation of this usage example)

         to tell the smoky nobility of his silverware

      2. (Medieval Latin) a crown

         ā stemmate ūsque subūculam cultū rēgālī exūtī

         (please add an English translation of this usage example)

      3. (Medieval Latin) wergeld
   2. (Medieval Latin) a kinsman, a blood-relative

Declension

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	stemma	stemmata
genitive	stemmatis	stemmatum
dative	stemmatī	stemmatibus
accusative	stemma	stemmata
ablative	stemmate	stemmatibus
vocative	stemma	stemmata

Descendants

• English: stemma
• Italian: stemma
• Sicilian: stemma

References

• “stemma”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• stemma in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1,476/3.
• “stemma” on page 1,817/3 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
• Niermeyer, Jan Frederik (1976) “stemma”, in Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden, Boston: E. J. Brill, page 991/1

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

Noun

stemma f

1. definite singular of stemme

Etymology 2

From German Low German stemmen.

Alternative forms

• stemme

Verb

stemma (present tense stemmer, past tense stemde or stemte, past participle stemt, present participle stemmande, imperative stem)

1. to tune (e.g. a guitar or a piano)
2. to vote
3. to put in a certain mood

   Talen hans gjorde alle velvillig stemt.

   His speech made everyone positively inclined.

Synonyms

• (vote) røysta/røyste

Derived terms

• stemmegaffel
• stemmerett
• stemming
• stemning

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Norse stemma.

Verb

stemma (present tense stemmer, past tense stemde or stemte, past participle stemt, present participle stemmande, imperative stem)

1. (folklore) to stop a bleeding by using magic power; to still blood

   Synonyms: dempa, stansa, stilla

Old Dutch

Alternative forms

• stimma, stimna
• *stefna

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *stebnu, from Proto-Germanic *stebnō.

Noun

stemma f

1. voice

Inflection

Declension of stemma (feminine ō/ōn-stem noun)

case	singular	plural
nominative	stemma	stemma, stemmon
accusative	stemma, stemmon	stemma, stemmon
genitive	stemmon	stemmono
dative	stemmon	stemmon

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: stemme, stimme, stevene, steffene
  • Dutch: stem
  • Limburgish: stöm

References

• “stimma”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012