掘

See also: 撅

掘 U+6398, 掘 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6398 ← 掗 [U+6397] CJK Unified Ideographs 掙 → [U+6399]

Translingual

Han character

掘 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 手尸山山 (QSUU), four-corner 5707₂, composition ⿰扌屈)

Derived characters

• 𫁗

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 438, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12264
• Dae Jaweon: page 787, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1909, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6398

Chinese

simp. and trad.		掘

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 掘
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (出) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
聉	*r̥ʰuːlʔ, *ŋrɯd, *ʔr'uːd, *ŋruːd
贅	*kljods
祟	*sqʰluds
出	*kʰljuds, *kʰljud
茁	*ʔl'ɯd, *skruːd, *skrod, *skrud
欪	*qʰlɯd, *l̥ʰud
貀	*ŋr'uːd
袦	*ŋr'oːd
咄	*ʔl'oːd, *ʔl'uːd
柮	*sɡloːd, *ʔl'uːd
拙	*kljod
炪	*kljod, *l̥ʰud
掘	*ɡlod, *ɡlud
鈯	*l'uːd
啒	*kluːd, *qʰluːd
淈	*kluːd, *ɡluːd
窟	*kʰluːd
泏	*kʰluːd, *ʔl'ud
堀	*kʰluːd, *ɡlud
胐	*kʰluːd
窋	*ʔl'ud
絀	*ʔl'ud
黜	*l̥ʰud
屈	*klud, *kʰlud
趉	*klud
鶌	*klud
詘	*kʰlud
倔	*ɡlud
崛	*ɡlud, *ŋɡlud

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlod, *ɡlud) : semantic 扌 (“hand; action”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-(k/g)wa-t (“to dig out; to scoop out”), cognate to Tibetan རྐོད་པ (rkod pa), རྐོ་བ (rko ba, “to dig; to hoe”) (STEDT). Possibly related to 決 (OC *kʷeːd, “to dig an outlet for water; to burst out”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jué (jue²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩㄝˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khu̍t
• Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ku̍t

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gug⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸jiuq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jué
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩㄝˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyué
    • Wade–Giles: chüeh²
    • Yale: jywé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyue
    • Palladius: цзюэ (czjue)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gwat⁶
    • Yale: gwaht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwat⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gued⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐt̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khu̍t
    • Hakka Romanization System: kud
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kud⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ky⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ku̍t
    • Tâi-lô: ku̍t
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kut
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kut̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kut̚⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚⁴/

Note:

• “to dig; to beat”.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gug⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ku̍k
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuk̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁸jiuq
    • MiniDict: jiuih^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵jjyq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /d͡ʑyɪʔ¹²/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 掘
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕyɛ³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕyɛ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕye⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕyə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕyə²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕyɛ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕyɛ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕyu⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕye¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕyə⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕyɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕye²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰyo³¹/ /t͡ɕʰy³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰiu²¹/ 老 /t͡ɕie²¹/ 新
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰiu³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕyeʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕyɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰyʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕyaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/d͡ʑyɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/d͡ʑyəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/d͡zz̩ʷəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑy²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰyeʔ²¹/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕye²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕyæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiut̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/kʰut̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kwɐt̚²/
	Nanning	/kʷet̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/kwɐt̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kut̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kuʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ky⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kuk̚⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kut̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjut, gjwot

Rime
Character	掘	掘
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	物 (60)	月 (68)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	衢物切	其月切
Baxter	gjut	gjwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨut̚/	/ɡʉɐt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiut̚/	/ɡʷiɐt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiuət̚/	/ɡiuɐt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gut̚/	/guat̚/
Li Rong	/ɡiuət̚/	/ɡiuɐt̚/
Wang Li	/ɡĭuət̚/	/ɡĭwɐt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯uət̚/	/gi̯wɐt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jú	jué
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwat6	gyut6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ut/, /*[ɡ]ot/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡlud/, /*ɡlod/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	掘	掘
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jué	jué
Middle Chinese	‹ gjut ›	‹ gjwot ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ut/	/*[ɡ]ot/
English	dig out (earth)	dig out (earth)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	掘	掘
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	1586	1559
Phonetic component	出	出
Rime group	物	月
Rime subdivision	2	3
Corresponding MC rime	倔	𧤼
Old Chinese	/*ɡlud/	/*ɡlod/

Definitions

掘

1. to dig; to excavate
2. (Hakka) to scratch (with nails, claws)
3. (Mainland China Hokkien) to beat; to hit; to strike (with a mallet, etc.)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 挖 (“to dig”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		挖
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	挖
	Malaysia	挖
	Singapore	挖
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	挖
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	掘
	Xi'an	挖
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	挖
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	挖
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	挖
Cantonese	Guangzhou	掘
	Hong Kong	掘
Gan	Nanchang	挖
	Pingxiang	挖
Jin	Taiyuan	挖
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	掘
Southern Min	Xiamen	搤, 摀, 挖
	Quanzhou	搤, 挖
	Jinjiang	搤
	Zhangzhou	摀, 挖
	Tainan	搤, 摀
	Singapore (Hokkien)	搤, 摀
	Manila (Hokkien)	搤
	Leizhou	掘
	Haikou	掘
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	挖
Wu	Shanghai	掘
	Shanghai (Chongming)	挖
	Suzhou	掘
	Wenzhou	掘
	Jinhua	掘

Compounds

• 挖掘 (wājué)
• 挖掘機／挖掘机 (wājuéjī)
• 掘井 (juéjǐng)
• 掘井及泉
• 掘取
• 掘土機／掘土机 (juétǔjī)
• 掘墓 (juémù)
• 掘墓人 (juémùrén)
• 掘子軍／掘子军
• 掘室求鼠
• 掘強／掘强
• 掘拾
• 採掘／采掘 (cǎijué)
• 掘斗
• 掘洞
• 掘穴
• 掘穿
• 掘筆／掘笔
• 掘足類／掘足类
• 掘金
• 掘金隊／掘金队
• 掘閱／掘阅
• 渴而掘井
• 發掘／发掘 (fājué)
• 羅掘／罗掘
• 羅掘一空／罗掘一空
• 羅掘俱窮／罗掘俱穷
• 羅雀掘鼠／罗雀掘鼠
• 臨噎掘井／临噎掘井
• 臨渴掘井／临渴掘井 (línkějuéjǐng)
• 自掘墳墓／自掘坟墓 (zìjuéfénmù)
• 軟土深掘／软土深掘
• 開掘／开掘 (kāijué)

 

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 掘 – see 窟 (“cave”). (This character is an obsolete form of 窟).

Japanese

Kanji

掘

(Jōyō kanji)

1. to dig

Readings

• Go-on: ごち (gochi)
• Kan-on: くつ (kutsu, Jōyō)、けつ (ketsu)
• Kun: ほる (horu, 掘る, Jōyō)

Korean

Hanja

掘 • (gul, gwol) (hangeul 굴, 궐, revised gul, gwol, McCune–Reischauer kul, kwŏl, Yale kwul, kwel)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

掘: Hán Nôm readings: quật, oặt, quặt, quất, quịt, quát, quạt

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.