Appendix:Austro-Tai comparanda
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The table below represent the collection of Austro-Tai etymologies that thus far have been mentioned by a number of researchers.
Thurgood's Proto-Kam-Sui had been replaced by data on the Sui dialect of Shuigen, Sandong district (三洞乡水根村), given in phonemic transcriptions and taken from ‘’Sui Dialect Research’’, edited by Castro & Pan (2014).
Ostapirat's Proto-Kra had been replaced by data on Paha, taken from Li & Luo (2010).
Lakkia data was taken from Fan (2019).
Table[edit]
| Gloss | Proto-Tai (Pittayaporn) |
Sui | Paha | Proto-Hlai (Norquest) |
Proto-Be (Chen) |
Lakkia | Proto-Austronesian (Blust) |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust) |
Mentioned in | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 1st person singular | *kuːᴬ, *kawᴬ | ku³²² | *ɦuː | *aku | *aku | Ostapirat (2013) | |||
| 2. | 2nd person singular (KD) 2nd person plural (Austronesian) |
*maɰᴬ | mə³¹ | *C-mɯː | ma²³¹ | *k-amu, *Simu | *kamu | Ostapirat (2013) | ||
| 3. | 2nd person plural (KD) 2nd person singular (Austronesian) |
*suːᴬ (Southwestern Tai) | ȶin¹ saːu¹ | *sʰəw | *iSu, *kaSu | *iu, *kahu | Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013) | |||
| 4. | one | ʨam⁴⁵ | *tçʰɯːʔ | *isa, *esa, *asa | *isa, *esa, *asa | Ostapirat (2013) | ||||
| 5. | two | ɣa¹ (?) | θa³²² | *duSa | *duha | Ostapirat (2013) | ||||
| 6. | three | tu³²² | *Cuʈʂhuʔ | *telu | *telu | Sagart (2019) | ||||
| 7. | four | pa³²² | *Sepat | *epat | Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 8. | five | m̥a³³ | *hmaː | *lima | *lima | |||||
| 9. | six | nam³¹ | *hnom | *enem | *enem | Sagart (2019) | ||||
| 10. | seven | ðɦu³³ | *tʰuː | *pitu | *pitu | Sagart (2019) | ||||
| 11. | eight | mu³¹ | *hruː | *walu | *walu | Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019) | ||||
| 12. | nine | dɦa³³ | *C-wɯːʔ | *Siwa | *siwa | Ostapirat (2013) | ||||
| 13. | ten | wat⁵⁵ | *fʰuːt | *puluq | *puluq | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 14. | this | *najꟲ | naːi⁶ | ni⁵⁵ | *C-niːɦ | ni²³¹ | *-ni | *-ni | ||
| 15. | grandfather, ancestor | *pɯwᴮ | *pʰuːʔ | *apu | *ampu | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 16. | father | pa³³ | *pʰaːʔ | *aba | *aba | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 17. | shoulder | *C̥.baːᴮ | ha¹ | ka⁰ɣɔ⁵⁵ma⁵⁵ | *ʋaːɦ | *viaᴮꟲ¹ | *qabaRa | *qabaRa | Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013) | |
| 18. | hand | *mwɯːᴬ | mja¹ | ma³³qɛ⁴⁵⁽³²²⁾ | *C-mɯː | *məːᴬ² | mie²³¹ | *qalima | *qalima | Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019) |
| 19. | leg, foot | *p.qaːᴬ | pa¹ | ʁa¹¹ | *ɦaː (Central Hlai) | *qaqay, *waqay | *qaqay, *waqay | Ostapirat (2013) | ||
| 20. | head | *krawꟲ | *Cuhrəwʔ | *haːw | kjɛu⁵¹ | *quluh | *quluh | Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013) | ||
| 21. | eye | *p.taːᴬ | ⁿda¹ | ma⁵⁵da³²² | *ʈʂhaː | *ɗaːᴬ¹ | pla⁵¹ | *maCa | *mata | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) |
| 22. | nose | *ɗaŋᴬ | ʔnaŋ¹ | *ɗəŋ (“face”) | *zəŋᴬ¹ | naŋ⁵¹ | *ujuŋ | *ujuŋ | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | |
| 23. | blood (KD) artery, blood vessel (Austronesian) |
*lɯətᴰ | pʰjaːt⁷ | *hlaːc | lie:t¹¹ | *huRaC | *uRat | |||
| 24. | gall bladder, bile | *ɓliːᴬ | ni³²² | *ziːᴬ¹ | blai⁵¹ | *paqeju, *qapejux | *qapejux | Sagart (2019) | ||
| 25. | gall bladder (Hlai) liver (Austronesian) |
*ɗəj | *qaCay | *qatay | ||||||
| 26. | navel, belly button | *ɗwɯːᴬ | haːi⁴ ʔdwa¹ | naau³²² | *Cuɾɯː | *ɗəːᴬ² | *puja, *pujek | Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019) | ||
| 27. | vagina (KD) female, woman (Austronesian) |
*hiːᴬ | bɦai³³ | *bahi | *bahi | |||||
| 28. | pubic hair | *ʰmwuːjᴬ | *kumeS, *kumiS | |||||||
| 29. | ribs | *k.raːŋꟲ | qhɔ³³ðaaŋ¹¹, qhɔ⁴⁵⁽³³⁾ ʨhaaŋ³³ | *kʰaːŋʔ | *tageRaŋ | *tageRaŋ | Norquest (2013) | |||
| 30. | mouth | *paːkᴰ | paːk⁷ | *ɓaːkᴰ¹ | *baqbaq, *beqbeq | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 31. | liver (KD) chest (Austronesian) |
*tapᴰ | tap⁷ | tap⁵⁵ | *debdeb | *debdeb | Norquest (2013) | |||
| 32. | tooth | *wanᴬ | vjan¹ | *fʰjən | wan²³¹ | *lipen, *nipen | *lipen, *nipen | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | ||
| 33. | tongue | ma² | ma³¹ | wã²³¹ | *Sema | *hema | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | |||
| 34. | palm | faːn³ mja¹ (cf. Zhonghe fa³ mja¹) | *dapa | *dapa | Sagart (2019) | |||||
| 35. | faeces, excrement | *C̬.qɯjꟲ | qe⁴ | qɛ³³ | *ɦaːjʔ | *kaːjᴮꟲ² | kwei¹¹ | *Caqi | *taqi | Norquest (2013) |
| 36. | boat (KD) to paddle (Austronesian) |
*C̬.rwɯəᴬ | lwa¹ | da³³ | *Cuɾaː | *zuaᴬ² | *aluja | *aluja | Ostapirat (2013) | |
| 37. | branch | ngah (Nong Zhuang) | ʔa⁵ (Southern Sui), cf. Mulam ŋa⁵ | tsʰɛ̃⁵⁵ | *paŋa | *paŋa | Sagart (2019) | |||
| 38. | bear | *ʰmwɯjᴬ | ʔmi¹ | mi³²² | *C-muj | kũ:i⁵¹ | *Cumay | Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013) | ||
| 39. | otter | *naːkᴰ | naak¹¹ | *hnaːk | *Sanaq | |||||
| 40. | bee, wasp | lu¹ | *m-luː | plɛu²³¹ | *waNu | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 41. | bird | *C̬.nokᴰ | nok⁸ | nok¹¹ | mlok⁵⁵ | *manuk | *manuk | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | ||
| 42. | shrimp | *Cuɾaːŋ | *zuaŋᴬ² | *qudaŋ | *qudaŋ | Ostapirat (2013) | ||||
| 43. | snake | *hljaːɦ | *SulaR | *hulaR | Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019) | |||||
| 44. | leech | *daːkᴰ | ŋa³¹taak³³ (snake + leech) | *tʰaːk | *ɗaːkᴰ¹ | *-matek / *-meCaq | *-matek / *-metaq | Pittayaporn (2009), Norquest (2013) (*-matek), Smith (2021) (*-meCaq) | ||
| 45. | louse | tu¹ | ðu³³ | *Cuʈʂhuː | *katᴰ² | *kuCux | *kutu | Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019) | ||
| 46. | flea | *ʰmatᴰ | m̥at⁷ | mat¹¹ | *hməːt | *CumeS | *tumah | |||
| 47. | sesame | *r.ŋaːᴬ | ʔŋa¹ | ŋa³¹ | *hŋɯː | *leŋa | Pittayaporn (2009), | |||
| 48. | taro | *prɯəkᴰ | ʔɣaːk⁷ | pwaak¹¹ | *hraːk | jaːk²⁴ | *biRaq | *biRaq | Norquest (2013), Fan (2019) | |
| 49. | rattan | *C̥.waːjᴬ | *quay | *quay | Pittayaporn (2009) | |||||
| 50. | name | ʔdaːn¹ | ja:n¹¹ | *ŋajan | *ŋajan, *ajan | Fan (2019) | ||||
| 51. | child | *lɯːkᴰ | laːk⁸ | laak¹¹ | *hlɯːk | *ləːkᴰ² | lak²⁴ | *aNak | *anak | Ostapirat (2013) |
| 52. | rain | *C̥.wɯnᴬ | fən¹ | fen⁵¹ | *Rabun | |||||
| 53. | lightning | *m.leːpᴰ | ʔba¹ laːp⁷ | laap¹¹ (thunder) | *hljip | *-lap (“flash, sparkle”) (root) | ||||
| 54. | water | *C̬.namꟲ | nam³ | *C-nəmʔ | *namᴮꟲ² | num¹¹ | *daNum | *danum | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | |
| 55. | fire | *wɤjᴬ | vi¹ | pwi³²² | *fʰiː | *vəːjᴬ² | pu:i⁵¹ | *Sapuy | *hapuy | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) |
| 56. | stream | *qrwɤjꟲ | kui³ | *qaRus | Sagart (2019) | |||||
| 57. | spring, source | *ɓoːᴮ | *tebuR | Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019) | ||||||
| 58. | chaff, bran | fa⁶ | bwa³³ | *hwaːʔ | *vəːᴮꟲ² | *qepah (Western Austronesian) | Ostapirat (2013), Sagart (2019) | |||
| 59. | dirt | *kʰiː (“dirty sweat”) | *daki (“dirt on skin, dandruff”) | *daki | Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 60. | peel (of fruit) | *hliːt | *kuliC | *kulit | Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 61. | grease, fat | *manᴬ | man² | *maːnᴬ² | *SimaR | *himaR | Sagart (2019) | |||
| 62. | hook | *ɓetᴰ | *kabit | *kabit | Sagart (2019) | |||||
| 63. | carrying pole | *ɢaːnᴬ | ʁaːn¹ | *pasaqaN | *pasaqan | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 64. | flower | ŋa²⁴ | *buŋa | *buŋa | Sagart (2019) | |||||
| 65. | field | *naːᴬ | wa³³ | *hnaːɦ | *niaᴬ² | *bena (“lower part of a river”) | ||||
| 66. | fish scale | ʨaap³¹ | *C-lə:p | *quSeNap | *quhenap | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 67. | moon | *ɓlɯənᴬ | njen² | naan³²² | *C-ɲaːn | *bulaN | *bulan | Sagart (2019) | ||
| 68. | star (KD) day, sun (Austronesian) |
*t.naːwᴬ | *ɾaːw | tau²⁴ | *qajaw | *qajaw, *qalejaw | Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013) | |||
| 69. | soul | *mwaːŋᴬ | maːŋ¹ | mɔŋ³³ | *sumaŋed | |||||
| 70. | to weep, to cry | *t.hajꟲ | ʔȵe³ | ȵit¹¹ | *C-ŋiːʔ | *ŋajᴮꟲ¹ | *Caŋis | *taŋis | Pittayaporn (2009), Sagart (2019) | |
| 71. | to die | *p.taːjᴬ | tai¹ | plei⁵¹ | *ma-aCay | *m-atay | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | |||
| 72. | to pound | *toːkᴰ | *tuqtuq | *tuqtuq | Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 73. | to eat | *kɯɲᴬ | kaan³²² | kʰən (Qi) | *kənᴬ¹ | *kaen | *kaen | Norquest (2013), Sagart (2019) | ||
| 74. | to bite | *katᴰ | ɣat³³ | *katᴰ | kat⁵⁵ | *a(ŋ)kit | Norquest (2013) | |||
| 75. | to borrow | *ˀjɯːmᴬ | ʔjaːm¹ | ʨhaam⁴⁵ | laːm⁵¹ | *Sezam | *hezam | Ostapirat (2013), Fan (2019) | ||
| 76. | to fart, to break wind | *k.tɤtᴰ | tət⁷ | ðat⁵⁵, ta⁴⁵ðat³³⁽⁵⁵ | *tʰuːc | *ɗutᴰ¹ | kjə:t²⁴ | *qetut | *qetut | Fan (2019) |
| 77. | to vomit | *rwɯəkᴰ | taːk⁷ (Jiarong Sui) | taak³³ | *ɗuakᴰ² | *utaq (noun), *um-utaq (verb) | *utaq (noun), *um-utaq (verb) | |||
| 78. | to wash | *zakᴰ | lak⁷ | *sʰəːk | *ɗakᴰ² | wak²⁴ | *baseq | *baseq | Norquest (2013) | |
| 79. | to blow (nose) | *saŋᴮ | *eseŋ | Norquest (2013) | ||||||
| 80. | to pat, to slap | *pʰiːk | pʰɛ:k⁵⁵ | *tapik | Norquest (2013), Fan (2019) | |||||
| 81. | to forget | *lɯːmᴬ | laːm² | *C-lɯːmɦ | pʰlɛm⁵¹ | *alim | ||||
| 82. | to plant, to transplant (KD) to bury, grave (Austronesian) |
*t.namᴬ | lam¹ | tam⁴⁵ | *zəmᴬ¹ | *CaNem | *tanem | Pittayaporn (2009), | ||
| 83. | to plant | *Cuhraː | *mula | *mula | Ostapirat (2013), Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 84. | to sip | *tçʰɯp | *qesep | Norquest (2013) | ||||||
| 85. | to wait | *craːꟲ | ka³ | *taRah | Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 86. | to come, to arrive | *C̬.tɤŋᴬ | taŋ¹ | *ɗəŋᴬ¹ | taŋ²³¹ | *dateŋ | Fan (2019) | |||
| 87. | to hear, to listen | *ŋinᴬ | ŋ̊ai⁵ | ŋ̥i³³ | *deŋeR | *deŋeR | Sagart (2019) | |||
| 88. | black, dark | *C̥.damᴬ | ʔnam¹ | dam³²² | *ɗəmʔ | *zamᴬ¹ | lam⁵¹ | *tidem | Pittayaporn (2009), Fan (2019) | |
| 89. | raw, unripe (KD) life, alive (Austronesian) |
*C̥.dipᴰ | ʔdjup⁷ | ðap³³ | *Cuɾiːp | *zipᴰ¹ | *qudip | *qudip | Ostapirat (2013), | |
| 90. | blind | *ɓoːtᴰ | bɯt¹¹ | *buCa | *buta | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 91. | sharp | *ʰleːmᴬ | jhim⁴⁵ | *tçʰəːm | ti:m⁵¹ | *Cazem | *tazem | Norquest (2013), Fan (2019) | ||
| 92. | scared, frightened | *ʰlaːwᴬ | *talaw | *talaw | Pittayaporn (2009), Norquest (2013) | |||||
| 93. | old | *keːᴮ | qa⁴⁵ | *tuqaS | *tuqah | Norquest (2013) | ||||
| 94. | sour | *sɤmꟲ | hum³ | khjum²⁴ | *qaRsem | *qe(n)sem | Pittayaporn (2009), Ostapirat (2013) | |||
| 95 | to hold in the fist | *kamᴬ | kam⁵¹ | *gemgem | *gemgem | Smith (2021) | ||||
| 96 | to poison fish (KD) / derris (Austronesian) | *C̥.bɯəᴬ | *tubah | *tubah | Smith (2021) | |||||
| 97 | shadow | *ŋawᴬ | ŋau⁴⁵ | *qaNiŋu | *qaninu | Smith (2021) | ||||
| 98 | to sell | θi³²² | *hriːwʔ | plɛ⁵¹ | *baliw, *saliw | *saliw | Fan (2019), Smith (2021) | |||
| 99 | who (KD) / marker of uncertainty (Austronesian) | ʔai³ n̥u¹ | pa³³nau³³, də³²²nau⁴⁵⁽³³⁾ | nɛ¹¹ | *-nu | *-nu | Smith (2021) | |||
| 100 | sick; to hurt, be painful | *keːtᴰ | kit⁷ (Banliang) | tsɛ:t²⁴ | *sakit | Smith (2021) | ||||
| 101 | spotted | *ɓlaːŋᴮ | *belaŋ | Smith (2021) |
References[edit]
- Castro, Andy and Pan Xingwen. Sui Dialect Research. Guizhou People's Press, 2014.
- Li, Jinfang and Luo, Yongxian. The Buyang language of South China: grammatical notes, glossary, texts and translations. Pacific Linguistics Publishers, Australian National University, 2010.
- Fan, Wenjia. A Grammar of Lakkja, South China. The University of Melbourne: Asia Institute, 2019.
- Ostapirat, Weera. Austro-Tai revisited. The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, Chulalongkorn University, 2013.
- Sagart, Laurent. A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 2019, 48 (1), pp.1-29, 2019.
- Norquest, Peter. A revised inventory of Proto Austronesian consonants: Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic evidence. Mon-Khmer Studies 42:102-126, 2013.