دماغ

Arabic

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ

Blend of دَم (dam, “blood”) +‎ مُخّ (muḵḵ, “brain”), compare Arabic دَمْع (damʕ, “tears”) of the same relation with عَيْن (ʕayn, “eye”). While دَمْع (damʕ, “tears”) traces its formation back to Proto-Semitic, the present term is only paralleled by Ethiopian Semitic, Ge'ez ድማሕ (dəmaḥ), ድማኅ (dəmaḫ), ድማህ (dəmah, “head; crown of the head; skull; summit”), Amharic ድማኅ (dəmaḫ, “top of the head”), Argobba ድማኅ (“head”), Gafat dəmʷä (“head”), Silt'e ዱም (dum), Wolane ዱሚ (dumi, “head; hair of head”), Tigre ደምቀት (dämḳät, “crown of the head”), apparently back-formed from later plurals ድማቅ (dəmaḳ), ድመቅ (dəmäḳ), with presumable Gurage borrowings Awngi ዱሚ (dūmī, “top”), Oromo dumi (“head”). While borrowing of at least a part of the terms is manifest, the preservation of guttural fricatives unassimilated in voicedness to the second radical against Arabic points to either inheritance from Proto-West Semitic or borrowing from Old South Arabian whose names of body parts use to be poorly attested.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /di.maːɣ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

دِمَاغ • (dimāḡ) m (plural أَدْمِغَة (ʔadmiḡa) or دُمُغ (dumuḡ)) (countable)

1. (anatomy) brain (control center of the central nervous system)

   Hypernyms: مُخّ (muḵḵ, “the cerebrum”), مُخَّيْخ (muḵḵayḵ, “the cerebrum”)

Declension

Declension of noun دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)

singular	basic singular triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دِمَاغ dimāḡ	الدِّمَاغ ad-dimāḡ	دِمَاغ dimāḡ
nominative	دِمَاغٌ dimāḡun	الدِّمَاغُ ad-dimāḡu	دِمَاغُ dimāḡu
accusative	دِمَاغًا dimāḡan	الدِّمَاغَ ad-dimāḡa	دِمَاغَ dimāḡa
genitive	دِمَاغٍ dimāḡin	الدِّمَاغِ ad-dimāḡi	دِمَاغِ dimāḡi
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دِمَاغَيْن dimāḡayn	الدِّمَاغَيْن ad-dimāḡayn	دِمَاغَيْ dimāḡay
nominative	دِمَاغَانِ dimāḡāni	الدِّمَاغَانِ ad-dimāḡāni	دِمَاغَا dimāḡā
accusative	دِمَاغَيْنِ dimāḡayni	الدِّمَاغَيْنِ ad-dimāḡayni	دِمَاغَيْ dimāḡay
genitive	دِمَاغَيْنِ dimāḡayni	الدِّمَاغَيْنِ ad-dimāḡayni	دِمَاغَيْ dimāḡay
plural	broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a)‎; basic broken plural triptote
	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	أَدْمِغَة‎; دُمُغ ʔadmiḡa‎; dumuḡ	الْأَدْمِغَة‎; الدُّمُغ al-ʔadmiḡa‎; ad-dumuḡ	أَدْمِغَة‎; دُمُغ ʔadmiḡat‎; dumuḡ
nominative	أَدْمِغَةٌ‎; دُمُغٌ ʔadmiḡatun‎; dumuḡun	الْأَدْمِغَةُ‎; الدُّمُغُ al-ʔadmiḡatu‎; ad-dumuḡu	أَدْمِغَةُ‎; دُمُغُ ʔadmiḡatu‎; dumuḡu
accusative	أَدْمِغَةً‎; دُمُغًا ʔadmiḡatan‎; dumuḡan	الْأَدْمِغَةَ‎; الدُّمُغَ al-ʔadmiḡata‎; ad-dumuḡa	أَدْمِغَةَ‎; دُمُغَ ʔadmiḡata‎; dumuḡa
genitive	أَدْمِغَةٍ‎; دُمُغٍ ʔadmiḡatin‎; dumuḡin	الْأَدْمِغَةِ‎; الدُّمُغِ al-ʔadmiḡati‎; ad-dumuḡi	أَدْمِغَةِ‎; دُمُغِ ʔadmiḡati‎; dumuḡi

Derived terms

• دِمَاغِيّ (dimāḡiyy, “cerebral”)

Descendants

• → Classical Persian: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)
  • → Bengali: দেমাগ (demag)
  • → Chagatai: دماغ (dmāġ)
    • Uyghur: دىماغ (dimagh)
    • Uzbek: dimogʻ (“pharynx”)
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: दिमाग़ (dimāġ)

    Urdu: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)

  • → Khalaj: damâğ
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ (dimāġ)

    Shahmukhi script: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)

  • → Sindhi: دِماغُ (dimāġu)
• → Middle Armenian: տիմաղ (timaġ)
• → Ottoman Turkish: دماغ (dimağ)
  • Turkish: (archaic) dimağ
  • → Crimean Tatar: dimağ

References

• Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017), Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 478
• Leslau, Wolf (1987), Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, reprinted 1991, 1997 and 2006, page 134
• Militarev, Alexander; Kogan, Leonid (2000), “*dimāγ-”, in Semitic Etymological Dictionary, volumes I: Anatomy of Man and Animals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, →ISBN, page 50 No. 52
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “دماغ”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Chagatai

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ)bor.

Chagatai دماغ

Borrowed from Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ), borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ), a blend of دَم (dam) + مُخّ (muḵḵ).

Noun

دماغ • (dmāġ /dimāġ/) (plural دماغلار)

1. brain

Declension

Declension of دماغ (dimāġ)

singular plural nominative دماغ dimāġ دماغلار dimāġlar genitive دماغنینگ dimāġnıng دماغلارنینگ dimāġlarnıng definite accusative دماغنی dimāġnı دماغلارنی dimāġlarnı dative دماغغە dimāġġa دماغلارغە dimāġlarġa ablative دماغدین dimāġdın دماغلاردین dimāġlardın locative دماغدە dimāġda دماغلاردە dimāġlarda possessive forms first person singular singular plural nominative دماغیم dimāġım دماغلاریم dimāġlarım genitive دماغیمنینگ dimāġımnıng دماغلاریمنینگ dimāġlarımnıng definite accusative دماغیمنی dimāġımnı دماغلاریمنی dimāġlarımnı dative دماغیمغە dimāġımġa دماغلاریمغە dimāġlarımġa ablative دماغیمدین dimāġımdın دماغلاریمدین dimāġlarımdın locative دماغیمدە dimāġımda دماغلاریمدە dimāġlarımda second person singular* singular plural nominative دماغینگ dimāġıng دماغلارینگ dimāġlarıng genitive دماغینگنینگ dimāġıngnıng دماغلارینگنینگ dimāġlarıngnıng definite accusative دماغینگنی dimāġıngnı دماغلارینگنی dimāġlarıngnı dative دماغینگغە dimāġıngġa دماغلارینگغە dimāġlarıngġa ablative دماغینگدین dimāġıngdın دماغلارینگدین dimāġlarıngdın locative دماغینگدە dimāġıngda دماغلارینگدە dimāġlarıngda third person singular singular plural nominative دماغی dimāġı دماغلاری dimāġları genitive دماغینینگ dimāġınıng دماغلارینینگ dimāġlarınıng definite accusative دماغینی dimāġını دماغلارینی dimāġlarını dative دماغیغە dimāġıġa دماغلاریغە dimāġlarıġa ablative دماغیدین dimāġıdın دماغلاریدین dimāġlarıdın locative دماغیدە dimāġıda دماغلاریدە dimāġlarıda first person plural singular plural nominative دماغیمیز dimāġımız دماغلاریمیز dimāġlarımız genitive دماغیمیزنینگ dimāġımıznıng دماغلاریمیزنینگ dimāġlarımıznıng definite accusative دماغیمیزنی dimāġımıznı دماغلاریمیزنی dimāġlarımıznı dative دماغیمیزغە dimāġımızġa دماغلاریمیزغە dimāġlarımızġa ablative دماغیمیزدین dimāġımızdın دماغلاریمیزدین dimāġlarımızdın locative دماغیمیزدە dimāġımızda دماغلاریمیزدە dimāġlarımızda second person plural* singular plural nominative دماغینگیز dimāġıngız دماغلارینگیز dimāġlarıngız دماغینگلار dimāġınglar دماغلارینگلار dimāġlarınglar genitive دماغینگیزنینگ dimāġıngıznıng دماغلارینگیزنینگ dimāġlarıngıznıng دماغینگلارنینگ dimāġınglarnıng دماغلارینگلارنینگ dimāġlarınglarnıng definite accusative دماغینگیزنی dimāġıngıznı دماغلارینگیزنی dimāġlarıngıznı دماغینگلارنی dimāġınglarnı دماغلارینگلارنی dimāġlarınglarnı dative دماغینگیزغە dimāġıngızġa دماغلارینگیزغە dimāġlarıngızġa دماغینگلارغە dimāġınglarġa دماغلارینگلارغە dimāġlarınglarġa ablative دماغینگیزدین dimāġıngızdın دماغلارینگیزدین dimāġlarıngızdın دماغینگلاردین dimāġınglardın دماغلارینگلاردین dimāġlarınglardın locative دماغینگیزدە dimāġıngızda دماغلارینگیزدە dimāġlarıngızda دماغینگلاردە dimāġınglarda دماغلارینگلاردە dimāġlarınglarda third person plural singular plural nominative دماغلاری dimāġları دماغلاری dimāġları دماغی dimāġı دماغلاری dimāġları genitive دماغلارینینگ dimāġlarınıng دماغلارینینگ dimāġlarınıng دماغینینگ dimāġınıng دماغلارینینگ dimāġlarınıng definite accusative دماغلارینی dimāġlarını دماغلارینی dimāġlarını دماغینی dimāġınglarnı دماغلارینی dimāġlarınglarnı dative دماغلاریغە dimāġlarıġa دماغلاریغە dimāġlarıġa دماغیغە dimāġıġa دماغلاریغە dimāġlarıġa ablative دماغلاریدین dimāġlarıdın دماغلاریدین dimāġlarıdın دماغیدین dimāġıdın دماغلاریدین dimāġlarıdın locative دماغلاریدە dimāġlarıda دماغلاریدە dimāġlarıda دماغیدە dimāġıda دماغلاریدە dimāġlarıda *second person singular forms are informal, for polite second person singular forms use second person plural forms

Descendants

• Uyghur: دىماغ (dimagh)
• Uzbek: dimogʻ (“pharynx”)

References

• András J. E. Bodrogligeti, A Grammar of Chagatay

Egyptian Arabic

Noun

دماغ • (dimāḡ) f

1. (countable) the upper front part of the body of an animal, the head

   ضربت الصرصار على دماغ كسّمه! ― I bashed the cockroach on its fucking head!

   شغّلي دماغك معايا بقا! ― Come on! Use your head, girl!

   Synonym: راس (rās)

   1. (of humans) the crown of the head; the scalp

      رحتله علشان يحلقلك دماغك. ― I/you went to him to get your head shaved.

2. (uncountable) mind; intelligence; reason

   عاملّي فيها راجل دماغه متفتّحه!

   And you are/he is acting and pretending to be such an open-minded man!

   دا طلع عنده دماغ فعلا. ― It seems that he really has a head after all.

   كبّر دماغك.

   Never mind it./Ignore it./Don't worry about it.

   (literally, “Enlarge/expand your head.”)

   Synonym: عقل (ʕaʔl)

3. (countable, uncommon) the brain

   Synonym: مخ (muḵḵ)

4. (uncountable, informal) the state or feeling of being under the effect of a drug; euphoria, excitement, or stupor from narcosis; being, looking, sounding, or feeling high or stoned

   دا شكله عامل دماغ. ― He looks high.

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Ottoman Turkish دماغ

Borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ), a blend of دَم (dam) + مُخّ (muḵḵ).

Noun

دماغ • (dimağ)

1. brain, the organ which controls the central nervous system

   Synonyms: بینی (beyni), مخ (muh), مغز (mağz)

2. encephalon the area of central nervous system enclosed within the skull
3. (by extension) mind, sense, understanding, consciousness

Descendants

• Turkish: (archaic) dimağ
• → Crimean Tatar: dimağ

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “dimağ”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1226
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “دماغ”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2] (in French), Constantinople: Mihran, page 581
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Cerebrum”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 170
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “دماغ”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 2135
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “دماغ”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 914

Persian

Regional synonyms of "nose" (in normal speech)

Dari	بینی
Iranian Persian	دماغ
Tajik	бинӣ

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Persian دماغ

Borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ, “brain”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /di.ˈmaːɣ/

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ä.mɑ́ːɣ]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ä.mɑ́ːɣ]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ä.mɑ́ːɣ], [d̪ä.mɑ́ːq]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪ä.mɔ́ːɣ]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æ.mɒ́ːɢ̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪i.mɔ́ʁ]

Readings
Classical reading?	dimāġ
Dari reading?	damāġ
Iranian reading?	damâġ
Tajik reading?	dimoġ

Noun

دماغ • (dimāġ / damâġ) (Tajik spelling димоғ)

1. (Iran, otherwise uncommon) nose

   Synonyms: بینی (bīnī / bini), پوز (pōz / puz)

3. (dated) brain, conceit

   Synonyms: مغز (maġz), ذهن (zihn / zehn)

4. (Classical Persian, figurative)
   1. arrogance, vanity, pride
   2. strong inclination
   3. disposition, condition, mood

      Synonym: حال (hāl / hâl)

Usage notes

• While the standard pronunciation in Iran is damâġ, it may be pronounced as demâġ if referring to the dated sense 2.

Descendants

• → Bengali: দেমাগ (demag)
• → Chagatai: دماغ (dmāġ)
  • Uyghur: دىماغ (dimagh)
  • Uzbek: dimogʻ (“pharynx”)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: दिमाग़ (dimāġ)

  Urdu: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)

• → Khalaj: damâğ
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਦਿਮਾਗ਼ (dimāġ)

  Shahmukhi script: دِمَاغ (dimāġ)

• → Sindhi: دِماغُ (dimāġu)

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934), “دماغ”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892), “دماغ”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary (overall work in English), London: Routledge & K. Paul
• Vullers, Johann August (1855), “دماغ”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum‎^[6] (in Latin), volume I, Gießen: J. Ricker, page 901

Punjabi

Picture dictionary

دماغ

کھوپڑی

دماغ

اکّھ

بُلھ

نکّ

مونہہ

ٹھوڑی

جباڑا

پٹپڑی

کنّ

گاٹا

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ)bor.

Punjabi دماغ

Borrowed from Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ), borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ), a blend of دَم (dam) + مُخّ (muḵḵ).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Punjabi) IPA^(key): /d̪ɪ.məɣ/, [ˈd̪ɪ.məɣ(ə̆)]

• (colloquial, Canada) IPA^(key): [d̪ɨ̆.mäːk]

Noun

دِماغ • (dimāġ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦਿਮਾਗ਼)

1. brain
2. mind, intellect
3. (informal) pride

Declension

Declension of دماغ

	singular	plural
direct	دِماغ (dimāġ)	دِماغ (dimāġ)
oblique	دِماغ (dimāġ)	دِماغاں (dimāġāṉ)
vocative	دِماغا (dimāġā)	دِماغو (dimāġo)
ablative	دِماغوں (dimāġoṉ)	—
locative	دِماغے (dimāġe)	دِماغِیں (dimāġīṉ)
instrumental	دِماغوں (dimāġoṉ)	–

Related terms

• دِماغی (dimāġī, “mental”, adjective)

Further reading

• Iqbal, Salah ud-Din (2002), “دِماغ”, in vaḍḍī panjābī lughat (in Punjabi), Lahore: عزیز پبلشرز [ʻazīz pabliśarz]
• Bashir, Kanwal (2012), “دماغ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Hyattsville, MD: Dunwoody Press
• “ਦਿਮਾਗ”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2026

Sindhi

Picture dictionary

دماغ

ڪپار

دماغ

اک

چپ

نڪ

وات

کاڏي

ڄاڙي

لوندڙي

ڪن

ڳچي

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ)bor.

Sindhi دماغ

Borrowed from Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ), borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ), a blend of دَم (dam) + مُخّ (muḵḵ).

Noun

دِماغُ • (dimāġu) m (Devanagari दिमाग़ु)

1. (anatomy) brain,

   Synonym: ميڄالو (mej̄ālo)

2. haughtiness, arrogance

References

• Parmanand, Mewaram (1910), “دِماغُ”, in Sindhi-English Dictionary, Hyderabad, Sindh: The Sind Juvenile Co-operative Society
• Khānu, Balocu (1960–1988), “دِماغُ”, in Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta (in Sindhi), Hyderabad, Sindh: Sindhī Adabī Borḍ
• Sindhi Language Authority (2026), “دماغ”, in Online Sindhi Dictionaries‎^[7]

South Levantine Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dmaːɣ/, [dmæːɣ]

• Audio (Ramallah):

  (file)

Noun

دماغ • (dmāḡ) f (plural أدمغة (ʾadmiḡa))

1. brain

   Synonym: مخ (muḵḵ)

Southwestern Fars

Etymology

From Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ).

Noun

دماغ (domâğ)

1. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) nose

Urdu

Picture dictionary

دماغ

کھوپڑی

دماغ

آنکھ

ہونٹ

ناک

منہ

ٹھوڑی

جبڑا

کنپٹی

کان

گردن

Click on labels in the image.

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Afroasiatic *dam-

Proto-Semitic *dam-

Arabic دَم (dam)

Proto-Semitic *muḫḫ-

Arabic مُخّ (muḵḵ)

blend

Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ)bor.

Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ)bor.

Urdu دِماغ

Borrowed from Classical Persian دِمَاغ (dimāġ), borrowed from Arabic دِمَاغ (dimāḡ), a blend of دَم (dam) + مُخّ (muḵḵ).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d̪ɪ.mɑːɣ/

• Audio (Pakistan):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːɣ
• Hyphenation: دِ‧ماغ

Noun

دِماغ • (dimāġ) m (Hindi spelling दिमाग़)

1. (anatomy) brain, cerebrum

   Synonyms: بھیجا (bhejā), مَغْز (maġz)

2. brain (intellect), mind

   Synonym: ذَہْن (zahn)

3. conceit, pride

   Synonyms: گُھمَنْڈ (ghumanḍ), غُرُور (ġurūr)

Declension

Declension of دماغ

	singular	plural
direct	دِمَاغ (dimāġ)	دِمَاغ (dimāġ)
oblique	دِمَاغ (dimāġ)	دِمَاغوں (dimāġõ)
vocative	دِمَاغ (dimāġ)	دِمَاغو (dimāġo)

Further reading

• “دماغ”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “دماغ”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2026.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “دماغ”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• Platts, John T. (1884), “دماغ”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Fallon, S. W. (1879), “دماغ”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• John Shakespear (1834), “دماغ”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC