堇

See also: 菫, 暵, and 𦰌

Translingual

Han character

堇 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿中手一 (TLQM), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿱廿⿻口龶)

Derived characters

• 僅, 𠻨, 墐, 嫤, 慬, 㨷, 漌, 槿, 殣, 瑾, 㹏, 䌍, 螼, 謹(谨), 饉(馑), 騹(𬴆), 𠞱, 勤, 鄞, 斳, 歏, 㝻, 覲(觐), 蓳, 䈽, 厪, 廑, 瘽

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5212
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 450, character 2
• Unihan data for U+5807

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Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 堇
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (堇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	*kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns
堇	*ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ
墐	*ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	*ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	*ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	*kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		堇

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qín (qin²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qín
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cín
    • Wade–Giles: chʻin²
    • Yale: chín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
    • Palladius: цинь (cinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: gin

Rime
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨巾切
Baxter	gin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚin/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡien/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gjin/
Li Rong	/ɡjĕn/
Wang Li	/ɡǐĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]rə[r]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堇
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ gin ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]rə[r]/
English	clay
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堇
Reading #	1/2
No.	6731
Phonetic component	堇
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	𥎊
Old Chinese	/*ɡrɯn/
Notes	甲金文象人交手恭立爲覲初文， 再加土爲堇墐

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 堇

1. clay

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 蓳 (“Viola verecunda, a kind of violet.”). (This character is a variant form of 蓳).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 堇 – see 僅 (“only; merely; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 僅).

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Japanese

Kanji

堇

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): きん (kin)
• Kun: すみれ (sumire)

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Korean

Hanja

堇 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.