天竺

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (天竺)		天	竺
simp. #(天竺)		天	竺
alternative forms		天篤／天笃 天毒 天督 身毒 捐毒 天篤／天笃 天毒 天督 身毒 捐毒 賢豆／贤豆

Etymology

First recorded use in the Traditions of the Western Regions (西域傳) portion of the Book of Han, finished in 111 CE. Itself a transcription of Old Persian [script needed] (*Hinduka-), hypocoristic of 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿduš, “people living beyond the Indus”). Compare 身毒 (Juāndú).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Tiānzhú

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ zuk¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): Thian-tiok
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹thi-tsoq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhú
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhú
    • Wade–Giles: Tʻien¹-chu²
    • Yale: Tyān-jú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjwu
    • Palladius: Тяньчжу (Tjanʹčžu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tin¹ zuk¹
    • Yale: tīn jūk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzuk⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ zug¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-tiok
    • Tâi-lô: Thian-tiok
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiendiog
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɛn³³ tiɔk̚⁵/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɔk̚³²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹thi-tsoq
    • MiniDict: thi^平 tsoh
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-tsoq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡soʔ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: then trjuwk

Rime
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	2/3
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	知 (9)
Final (韻)	先 (85)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	他前切	張六切
Baxter	then	trjuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/ʈɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/ʈiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/ȶiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/ʈuwk̚/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/ȶiuk̚/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/ȶĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/ȶi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	zhu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin1	zuk1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn  tuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天	天
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)
English	heaven	heaven
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天	竺
Reading #	1/1	3/3
No.	12387	17589
Phonetic component	天	竹
Rime group	眞	覺
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	天	竹
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*tuɡ/
Notes		天竺譯hinduka

Proper noun

(deprecated template usage) 天竺

1. (～國) (archaic) India or Nepal
2. (～地區) Tianzhu Area (an area in Shunyi District, Beijing, China)

Synonyms

• 印度 (Yìndù) (modern)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (天竺):

• → Japanese: 天(てん)竺(じく) (tenjiku)
• → Okinawan: 天(てぃん)竺(じく) (tinjiku)
• → Korean: 천축(天竺) (cheonchuk)
• → Vietnamese: Thiên Trúc (天竺)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	竺
てん Grade: 1	じく Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Etymology 1

/tendiku/ → /tend͡ʑiku/

From Middle Chinese 天竺 (MC then trjuwk), a transcription from either of the following:

• (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Persian *Hind-uka, an alternate of *Hinduš (“people living beyond the Indus”)
• (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Sanskrit सिन्धु (Sindhu, “the country around the Indus river: India”)

First mentioned in the 後漢書 (Gokansho, “Book of the Later Han”), in volume 88, the 西域伝 (Saiiki Den, “Treatise on the Western Regions”).

Proper noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (tendiku)?}

1. (archaic) India

Synonyms

• インド (Indo)
• 身毒(しんどく) (Shindoku)

Prefix

天(てん)竺(じく) • (Tenjiku) ^{←てんぢく (tendiku)?}

1. foreign or exotic
2. overly spicy or hot

Usage notes

The prefix senses appear to have arisen after European traders arrived in Japan, by way of India.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 天竺葵(てんじくあおい) (Tenjiku aoi): an “Indian hollyhock or mallow” → a geranium
• 天竺織(てんじくおり) (tenjiku ori): “Indian weaving” → a kind of thick woven cloth featuring various designs of birds, people, and other motifs
• 天竺花(てんじくか) (Tenjiku ka): an “Indian flower” → alternate for 萩 (hagi, “bush clover”)
• 天竺楽(てんじくがく) (Tenjiku gaku): “Indian music” → those pieces of 雅楽 (gagaku, “ancient court music”) originating from India
• 天竺鮫(てんじくざめ) (Tenjiku-zame): an “Indian shark” → a wobbegong, a shark of family
• 天竺鯛(てんじくだい) (Tenjiku-dai): an “Indian sea bream” → a kind of cardinalfish,
• 天竺茄子(てんじくなすび) (Tenjiku nasubi): “Indian eggplant” → alternate for 朝鮮朝顔 (Chōsen asagao, literally “Korean morning glory”): the devil's trumpet or metel, Datura metel
• 天竺鼠(てんじくねずみ) (Tenjiku nezumi): an “Indian rat” → a guinea pig, a cavy
• 天竺醤(てんじくひしお) (Tenjiku hishio): “Indian sauce” → a kind of spicy uncooked miso
• 天竺菩提樹(てんじくぼだいじゅ) (Tenjiku bodaiju): “Indian linden tree” → the bodhi tree, Ficus religiosa
• 天竺牡丹(てんじくぼたん) (Tenjiku botan): an “Indian peony” → a dahlia
• 天竺豆(てんじくまめ) (Tenjiku mame): “Indian bean” → alternate for 八升豆 (hasshō mame): the velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens
• 天竺守(てんじくまもり) (Tenjiku mamori): “Indian protector, Indian charm” → alternate for 八房 (yatsubusa), the fasciculatum variety of Capsicum annuum (chili pepper)
• 天竺味噌(てんじくみそ) (Tenjiku miso): “Indian miso” → spicy miso
• 天竺木綿(てんじくもめん) (Tenjiku momen): “Indian cotton” → thickly woven cotton sheeting
• 天竺様(てんじくよう) (Tenjiku yō): “Indian style” → a style of Buddhist temple architecture imported from the Southern Song Dynasty during the Kamakura period

Etymology 2

By extension from the 天 character (“sky, heavens”), and possibly by association with the Himalayas.

Noun

天(てん)竺(じく) • (tenjiku) 

1. the sky, the heavens
2. a high place, the top of something, a summit

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 天竺豆(てんじくまめ) (tenjiku mame): “sky bean” → alternate for 空豆 (sora mame): the broad bean or fava bean, Vicia faba
• 天竺浪人(てんじくろうにん) (tenjiku rōnin): a vagrant, a wanderer (The 天竺 portion of this term is purely slang, a play on the term 逐電 (chikuden, “running away, absconding”, literally “chasing lightning”).)

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Korean

Hanja in this term
天	竺

Noun

天竺 • (cheonchuk) (hangeul 천축)

1. Hanja form^? of 천축.

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Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
天	竺

Noun

天竺

1. chữ Hán form of Thiên Trúc.