Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*per-

1. before, in front
2. first

Derived terms

• *pr-eh₂-
• *pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
• *pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
• *pér-i (locative)
  • Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
    • Albanian: për
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
    • Lithuanian: per, per-
    • Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
      • Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Iranian: *pári
      • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
        • → Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: per
• *pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
      • Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-e-ti-o-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
• *prh₂és, *prh₂ós (genitive/ablative)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάρος (páros), πρέσ(βυς) (prés(bus))
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥Hás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pr̥Hás
      • Sanskrit: पुरस् (purás) (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-éy (dative)
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Proto-Luwic: *prī
      • Luwian: 𒉺𒊑𒄿 (/⁠pri⁠/)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Old Latin: prī
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *prei
    • Proto-Slavic: *pri (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-ey-wo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīvus
• *pr-i-yōs
  • Proto-Italic: *priōs
    • Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-is
  • Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
    • Gaulish: ris
    • Old Irish: ré
      • Irish: roimh
      • Scottish Gaelic: ro
• *pr-i-is-m̥mos
  • Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)
    • Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-is-ḱo-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīscus
• *pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-i-n-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
• *per-nóy
  • Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
• *pér-o-
  • Proto-Anatolian: [Term?], *péro-
    • Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
      • Sanskrit: पर (pára)
        • Pali: para
    • Proto-Iranian: *pára
      • ? (archaic)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: perperus, (per)perus, (per)peram
      • → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
• *pr̥-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
  • Proto-Italic: *por-
    • Latin: por-
• *pŕ̥-to-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furþa- (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥-tero-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz (see there for further descendants)
• *pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
• *pr-is-to-
  • Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
• *pr-u-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)
• *por-so-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: porrō
• *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)

Root

*per- (perhaps related to previous root)

1. to go through
2. to carry forth, fare

Derived terms

• *por-ti (o-grade root present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
  • Proto-Tocharian:
    • Tocharian B: pere
• *pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
• *pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
• *per-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
• *por-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
    • ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
  • , *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
  • (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
• *pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Italic: *portāō
    • Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
    • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
• *pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
    • Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
• *pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
• *por-teh₂
  • Proto-Italic: *portā
    • Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
• *por-ti-s
  • (see there for further descendants)
• *pōr-i-s
  • (see there for further descendants)
• *por-o-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
      • Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
      • Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
• *por-dʰmo-
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
• [Term?]
  • Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)

Root

*per- (possible relation to previous root)

1. to try, dare, risk

Derived terms

• *per-ih₂
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
• *per-ih₂-ye-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: comperiō, (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
• *per-ih₂-to-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: perītus
• *per-ih₂-tlom
  • Proto-Italic: *perītlom
    • Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
• *per-h₃-
  • Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*per- (or *perH-)

1. to sell

Derived terms

• *per-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
• *por-neh₂
  • Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
    • Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)

Unsorted formations:

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
  • Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
• Proto-Italic:
  • Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
  • Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
  • ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

References

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 818
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 818
• Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 817