國都

Chinese

		country; state; nation	capital city
trad. (國都)		國	都
simp. (国都)		国	都

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): guódū

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwok³ dou¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kok-to͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gog⁴ dou¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: guódū
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄉㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: guódu
    • Wade–Giles: kuo²-tu¹
    • Yale: gwó-dū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gwodu
    • Palladius: году (godu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku̯ɔ³⁵ tu⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gwok³ dou¹
    • Yale: gwok dōu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwok⁸ dou¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: guog³ dou¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɔːk̚³ tou̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kok-to͘
    • Tâi-lô: kok-too
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kokdof
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ tɔ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ tɔ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ tɔ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gog⁴ dou¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kok tou
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kok̚²⁻⁴ tou³³/

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• Middle Chinese: kwok tu

Rime
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	德 (132)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古或切	當孤切
Baxter	kwok	tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kwək̚/	/tuo/
Pan Wuyun	/kʷək̚/	/tuo/
Shao Rongfen	/kuək̚/	/to/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwək̚/	/tɔ/
Li Rong	/kuək̚/	/to/
Wang Li	/kuək̚/	/tu/
Bernard Karlgren	/kwək̚/	/tuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	guo	dū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwak1	dou1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[C.q]ʷˤək  tˤa/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʷɯːɡ  taː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	guó	dū
Middle Chinese	‹ kwok ›	‹ tu ›
Old Chinese	/*[C.q]ʷˁək/	/*tˁa/
English	state (n.)	capital city
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	國	都
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	5547	16968
Phonetic component	或	者
Rime group	職	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	國	都
Old Chinese	/*kʷɯːɡ/	/*taː/

Noun

國都

1. national capital

   • 度呼沱，涉易水，不至四五日，而距國都矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     度呼沱，涉易水，不至四五日，而距国都矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

     Dù Hūtuó, shè Yìshuǐ, bù zhì sì wǔ rì, ér jù guódōu yǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Usage notes

When translating the English term capital city, use 首都 (shǒudū) when referring to the capital of a country, 首府 (shǒufǔ) when referring to the capital of a state or autonomous region, and 省會／省会 (shěnghuì) when referring to the capital of a province. Alternative terms for the capital of a country include 國都／国都 (guódū), 京城 (jīngchéng), 京都 (jīngdū), 京邑 (jīngyì) and 都城 (dūchéng) all of which are more commonly used in literary language.

Synonyms

• 上國／上国 (shàngguó) (literary)
• 京城 (jīngchéng) (literary)
• 京師／京师 (jīngshī) (literary)
• 京華／京华 (jīnghuá) (literary)
• 京邑 (jīngyì) (literary)
• 京都 (jīngdū) (literary)
• 國家／国家 (guójiā) (Classical Chinese)
• 帝都 (dìdū) (imperial capital)
• 王京 (wángjīng) (literary, royal capital)
• 王都 (wángdū) (formal, royal capital)
• 皇州 (huángzhōu) (literary, imperial capital)
• 神州 (shénzhōu) (literary)
• 都城 (dūchéng)
• 都邑 (dūyì) (literary)
• 鎬京／镐京 (hàojīng) (literary)
• 長安／长安 (cháng'ān) (literary, figurative)
• 首都 (shǒudū)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (國都):

• → Japanese: 国(こく)都(と) (kokuto)
• → Korean: 국도(國都) (gukdo)

See also

• 省會／省会 (shěnghuì)
• 首府 (shǒufǔ)