حبر

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See also: جبر, چتر, خبر, خبز, and چپر

Arabic[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From the root ح ب ر (ḥ-b-r). Senses related to ink, writing, and discoloration are from Etymology 3 (see below).

Verb[edit]

حَبَرَ • (ḥabara) I, non-past يَحْبُرُ‎ (yaḥburu) (transitive)

  1. to make happy; to elate
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:ar:make happy
    Hyponyms: كَرَّمَ (karrama), نَعَّمَ (naʕʕama), رَفَّهَ (raffaha), أَرَاحَ (ʔarāḥa)
  2. to ink, to fill, cover, smear, mark, write, draw, illustrate, or outline with ink
    1. to write
      Synonyms: كَتَبَ (kataba), نَمَقَ (namaqa)
  3. (dated) to improve the overall quality of (a text, a performance, a skill, and so on), to refine, to polish; to perfect
    Synonym: حَسَّنَ (ḥassana)
  4. (dated) to improve the shape, form, style, structure, or composition of (handwriting, voice, and so on), to beautify; to embellish; to pretty
    Synonym: جَمَّلَ (jammala)
    1. to improve in aspect or appearance, to make visually pleasing, to deck, to decorate, to ornament
      Synonyms: زَيَّنَ (zayyana), نَمَّقَ (nammaqa), زَوَّقَ (zawwaqa)
    2. to pattern (a garment); to embroider
      Synonyms: نَقَشَ (naqaša), طَرَّزَ (ṭarraza), وَشَّى (waššā)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
حَبَرَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun حَبْر)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
حَبْر

ḥabr
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
ḥābir
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
maḥbūr
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥabartu
ḥabarta
حَبَرَ

ḥabara
ḥabartumā
ḥabarā
ḥabarnā
ḥabartum
ḥabarū
f
ḥabarti
ḥabarat
ḥabaratā
ḥabartunna
ḥabarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m
ʔaḥburu
taḥburu
yaḥburu
taḥburāni
yaḥburāni
naḥburu
taḥburūna
yaḥburūna
f
taḥburīna
taḥburu
taḥburāni
taḥburna
yaḥburna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʔaḥbura
taḥbura
yaḥbura
taḥburā
yaḥburā
naḥbura
taḥburū
yaḥburū
f
taḥburī
taḥbura
taḥburā
taḥburna
yaḥburna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʔaḥbur
taḥbur
yaḥbur
taḥburā
yaḥburā
naḥbur
taḥburū
yaḥburū
f
taḥburī
taḥbur
taḥburā
taḥburna
yaḥburna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m
uḥbur
uḥburā
uḥburū
f
uḥburī
uḥburna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥubirtu
ḥubirta
حُبِرَ

ḥubira
ḥubirtumā
ḥubirā
ḥubirnā
ḥubirtum
ḥubirū
f
ḥubirti
ḥubirat
ḥubiratā
ḥubirtunna
ḥubirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m
ʔuḥbaru
tuḥbaru
yuḥbaru
tuḥbarāni
yuḥbarāni
nuḥbaru
tuḥbarūna
yuḥbarūna
f
tuḥbarīna
tuḥbaru
tuḥbarāni
tuḥbarna
yuḥbarna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʔuḥbara
tuḥbara
yuḥbara
tuḥbarā
yuḥbarā
nuḥbara
tuḥbarū
yuḥbarū
f
tuḥbarī
tuḥbara
tuḥbarā
tuḥbarna
yuḥbarna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʔuḥbar
tuḥbar
yuḥbar
tuḥbarā
yuḥbarā
nuḥbar
tuḥbarū
yuḥbarū
f
tuḥbarī
tuḥbar
tuḥbarā
tuḥbarna
yuḥbarna

Verb[edit]

حَبِرَ • (ḥabira) I, non-past يَحْبَرُ‎ (yaḥbaru) (intransitive)

  1. to be or become glad or happy, to cheer up, to brighten
    Synonyms: see Thesaurus:ar:become happy
  2. (of teeth) to become discolored (as if stained with ink), to become dark, to yellow
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
حَبِرَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun حُبُور)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
ḥubūr
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
ḥābir
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥabirtu
ḥabirta
حَبِرَ

ḥabira
ḥabirtumā
ḥabirā
ḥabirnā
ḥabirtum
ḥabirū
f
ḥabirti
ḥabirat
ḥabiratā
ḥabirtunna
ḥabirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m
ʔaḥbaru
taḥbaru
yaḥbaru
taḥbarāni
yaḥbarāni
naḥbaru
taḥbarūna
yaḥbarūna
f
taḥbarīna
taḥbaru
taḥbarāni
taḥbarna
yaḥbarna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʔaḥbara
taḥbara
yaḥbara
taḥbarā
yaḥbarā
naḥbara
taḥbarū
yaḥbarū
f
taḥbarī
taḥbara
taḥbarā
taḥbarna
yaḥbarna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʔaḥbar
taḥbar
yaḥbar
taḥbarā
yaḥbarā
naḥbar
taḥbarū
yaḥbarū
f
taḥbarī
taḥbar
taḥbarā
taḥbarna
yaḥbarna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m
iḥbar
iḥbarā
iḥbarū
f
iḥbarī
iḥbarna

Noun[edit]

حَبْر • (ḥabr) m

  1. verbal noun of حَبَرَ (ḥabara) (form I)
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حَبْر (ḥabr)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَبْر
ḥabr 		الْحَبْر
al-ḥabr 		حَبْر
ḥabr
Nominative حَبْرٌ
ḥabrun 		الْحَبْرُ
al-ḥabru 		حَبْرُ
ḥabru
Accusative حَبْرًا
ḥabran 		الْحَبْرَ
al-ḥabra 		حَبْرَ
ḥabra
Genitive حَبْرٍ
ḥabrin 		الْحَبْرِ
al-ḥabri 		حَبْرِ
ḥabri

Etymology 2[edit]

Denominal verb of حِبْر (ḥibr, “ink”). Senses related to improvement, perfection, and embellishment are from or influenced by the root ح ب ر (ḥ-b-r) (see above).

Verb[edit]

حَبَّرَ • (ḥabbara) II, non-past يُحَبِّرُ‎ (yuḥabbiru) (transitive)

  1. to ink, to fill, cover, smear, mark, write, draw, illustrate, or outline with ink
    1. to write (especially in an elegant style), to compose
      Synonym: نَمَّقَ (nammaqa)
  2. (dated) to better or improve in quality, appearance, etc. to enhance; to polish up; to perfect
    1. (dated) to prettify; to bedeck, to adorn
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
حَبَّرَ
(form-II sound)
verbal noun
الْمَصْدَر
taḥbīr
active participle
اِسْم الْفَاعِل
muḥabbir
passive participle
اِسْم الْمَفْعُول
muḥabbar
active voice
الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥabbartu
ḥabbarta
حَبَّرَ

ḥabbara
ḥabbartumā
ḥabbarā
ḥabbarnā
ḥabbartum
ḥabbarū
f
ḥabbarti
ḥabbarat
ḥabbaratā
ḥabbartunna
ḥabbarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m
ʔuḥabbiru
tuḥabbiru
yuḥabbiru
tuḥabbirāni
yuḥabbirāni
nuḥabbiru
tuḥabbirūna
yuḥabbirūna
f
tuḥabbirīna
tuḥabbiru
tuḥabbirāni
tuḥabbirna
yuḥabbirna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʔuḥabbira
tuḥabbira
yuḥabbira
tuḥabbirā
yuḥabbirā
nuḥabbira
tuḥabbirū
yuḥabbirū
f
tuḥabbirī
tuḥabbira
tuḥabbirā
tuḥabbirna
yuḥabbirna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʔuḥabbir
tuḥabbir
yuḥabbir
tuḥabbirā
yuḥabbirā
nuḥabbir
tuḥabbirū
yuḥabbirū
f
tuḥabbirī
tuḥabbir
tuḥabbirā
tuḥabbirna
yuḥabbirna
imperative
الْأَمْر 		m
حَبِّرْ

ḥabbir
ḥabbirā
ḥabbirū
f
ḥabbirī
ḥabbirna
passive voice
الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
singular
الْمُفْرَد 		dual
الْمُثَنَّى 		plural
الْجَمْع
1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب 		1st person
الْمُتَكَلِّم 		2nd person
الْمُخَاطَب 		3rd person
الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative
الْمَاضِي 		m
ḥubbirtu
ḥubbirta
حُبِّرَ

ḥubbira
ḥubbirtumā
ḥubbirā
ḥubbirnā
ḥubbirtum
ḥubbirū
f
ḥubbirti
ḥubbirat
ḥubbiratā
ḥubbirtunna
ḥubbirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative
الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع 		m
ʔuḥabbaru
tuḥabbaru
yuḥabbaru
tuḥabbarāni
yuḥabbarāni
nuḥabbaru
tuḥabbarūna
yuḥabbarūna
f
tuḥabbarīna
tuḥabbaru
tuḥabbarāni
tuḥabbarna
yuḥabbarna
subjunctive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب 		m
ʔuḥabbara
tuḥabbara
yuḥabbara
tuḥabbarā
yuḥabbarā
nuḥabbara
tuḥabbarū
yuḥabbarū
f
tuḥabbarī
tuḥabbara
tuḥabbarā
tuḥabbarna
yuḥabbarna
jussive
الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم 		m
ʔuḥabbar
tuḥabbar
yuḥabbar
tuḥabbarā
yuḥabbarā
nuḥabbar
tuḥabbarū
yuḥabbarū
f
tuḥabbarī
tuḥabbar
tuḥabbarā
tuḥabbarna
yuḥabbarna

Etymology 3[edit]

Borrowed from Classical Syriac ܚܒܪܐ (ḥeḇrā, “ink”), from the root ܚ-ܒ-ܪ (ḥ-b-r) related to darkness. Merged with the root ح ب ر (ḥ-b-r).

Noun[edit]

Audio(file)

حِبْر • (ḥibr) m (plural أَحْبَار (ʔaḥbār))

  2. ink
    Synonyms: مِدَاد (midād), نِقْس (niqs)
    Holonyms: مِحْبَرَة (miḥbara), دَوَاة (dawāh)
  4. beauty
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حِبْر (ḥibr)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حِبْر
ḥibr 		الْحِبْر
al-ḥibr 		حِبْر
ḥibr
Nominative حِبْرٌ
ḥibrun 		الْحِبْرُ
al-ḥibru 		حِبْرُ
ḥibru
Accusative حِبْرًا
ḥibran 		الْحِبْرَ
al-ḥibra 		حِبْرَ
ḥibra
Genitive حِبْرٍ
ḥibrin 		الْحِبْرِ
al-ḥibri 		حِبْرِ
ḥibri
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حِبْرَيْن
ḥibrayn 		الْحِبْرَيْن
al-ḥibrayn 		حِبْرَيْ
ḥibray
Nominative حِبْرَانِ
ḥibrāni 		الْحِبْرَانِ
al-ḥibrāni 		حِبْرَا
ḥibrā
Accusative حِبْرَيْنِ
ḥibrayni 		الْحِبْرَيْنِ
al-ḥibrayni 		حِبْرَيْ
ḥibray
Genitive حِبْرَيْنِ
ḥibrayni 		الْحِبْرَيْنِ
al-ḥibrayni 		حِبْرَيْ
ḥibray
Plural basic broken plural triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal أَحْبَار
ʔaḥbār 		الْأَحْبَار
al-ʔaḥbār 		أَحْبَار
ʔaḥbār
Nominative أَحْبَارٌ
ʔaḥbārun 		الْأَحْبَارُ
al-ʔaḥbāru 		أَحْبَارُ
ʔaḥbāru
Accusative أَحْبَارًا
ʔaḥbāran 		الْأَحْبَارَ
al-ʔaḥbāra 		أَحْبَارَ
ʔaḥbāra
Genitive أَحْبَارٍ
ʔaḥbārin 		الْأَحْبَارِ
al-ʔaḥbāri 		أَحْبَارِ
ʔaḥbāri

Etymology 4[edit]

From Hebrew חָבֵר (ḥaḇér, “comrade”) in a specific meaning as used for sectarian cadres. Merged with Etymology 3 by analogy with the use of ink by religious clerks and scribes, hence "a man of learning", hence "a scholarly theologian", hence "an authority in matters of religion".

Noun[edit]

حَبْر or حِبْر • (ḥabr or ḥibr) m (plural أَحْبَار (ʔaḥbār)) (countable)

  1. (broadly) a scholar (especially one that is highly regarded and respected by a certain group and is deemed to be an authority)
    1. (with ال (al-, “the”)) the Scholar (one of the titles and designations of Ibn Abbas, one of companions of Muhammad)
  2. (religion, chiefly Abrahamism) a well-versed religious scribe; a learned theologian; a religious authority
    1. (Christianity) a bishop
      Synonym: أُسْقُف (ʔusquf)
    2. (Judaism) a rabbi
      Synonyms: حَاخَام (ḥāḵām), حَكِيم (ḥakīm)
    3. (Islam) an esteemed authoritative theologian, an imam
      Synonyms: إِمَام (ʔimām), مَرْجَع (marjaʕ), مُقَلَّد (muqallad)
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun حَبْر (ḥabr)‎; حِبْر (ḥibr)
Singular basic singular triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَبْر‎; حِبْر
ḥabr‎; ḥibr 		الْحَبْر‎; الْحِبْر
al-ḥabr‎; al-ḥibr 		حَبْر‎; حِبْر
ḥabr‎; ḥibr
Nominative حَبْرٌ‎; حِبْرٌ
ḥabrun‎; ḥibrun 		الْحَبْرُ‎; الْحِبْرُ
al-ḥabru‎; al-ḥibru 		حَبْرُ‎; حِبْرُ
ḥabru‎; ḥibru
Accusative حَبْرًا‎; حِبْرًا
ḥabran‎; ḥibran 		الْحَبْرَ‎; الْحِبْرَ
al-ḥabra‎; al-ḥibra 		حَبْرَ‎; حِبْرَ
ḥabra‎; ḥibra
Genitive حَبْرٍ‎; حِبْرٍ
ḥabrin‎; ḥibrin 		الْحَبْرِ‎; الْحِبْرِ
al-ḥabri‎; al-ḥibri 		حَبْرِ‎; حِبْرِ
ḥabri‎; ḥibri
Dual Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal حَبْرَيْن‎; حِبْرَيْن
ḥabrayn‎; ḥibrayn 		الْحَبْرَيْن‎; الْحِبْرَيْن
al-ḥabrayn‎; al-ḥibrayn 		حَبْرَيْ‎; حِبْرَيْ
ḥabray‎; ḥibray
Nominative حَبْرَانِ‎; حِبْرَانِ
ḥabrāni‎; ḥibrāni 		الْحَبْرَانِ‎; الْحِبْرَانِ
al-ḥabrāni‎; al-ḥibrāni 		حَبْرَا‎; حِبْرَا
ḥabrā‎; ḥibrā
Accusative حَبْرَيْنِ‎; حِبْرَيْنِ
ḥabrayni‎; ḥibrayni 		الْحَبْرَيْنِ‎; الْحِبْرَيْنِ
al-ḥabrayni‎; al-ḥibrayni 		حَبْرَيْ‎; حِبْرَيْ
ḥabray‎; ḥibray
Genitive حَبْرَيْنِ‎; حِبْرَيْنِ
ḥabrayni‎; ḥibrayni 		الْحَبْرَيْنِ‎; الْحِبْرَيْنِ
al-ḥabrayni‎; al-ḥibrayni 		حَبْرَيْ‎; حِبْرَيْ
ḥabray‎; ḥibray
Plural basic broken plural triptote
Indefinite Definite Construct
Informal أَحْبَار
ʔaḥbār 		الْأَحْبَار
al-ʔaḥbār 		أَحْبَار
ʔaḥbār
Nominative أَحْبَارٌ
ʔaḥbārun 		الْأَحْبَارُ
al-ʔaḥbāru 		أَحْبَارُ
ʔaḥbāru
Accusative أَحْبَارًا
ʔaḥbāran 		الْأَحْبَارَ
al-ʔaḥbāra 		أَحْبَارَ
ʔaḥbāra
Genitive أَحْبَارٍ
ʔaḥbārin 		الْأَحْبَارِ
al-ʔaḥbāri 		أَحْبَارِ
ʔaḥbāri

References[edit]

  • Ahrens, Karl (1930) “Christliches im Qoran. Eine Nachlese”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎[1] (in German), volume 84, page 20
  • Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 247
  • Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik‎[2] (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 61
  • Geiger, Abraham (1833, 1902) Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen? (in German), 2nd edition, Leipzig: M. W. Kaufmann, page 48

Gulf Arabic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic حِبْر (ḥibr).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

حبر • (ḥibir) m (before il- حِبْر (ḥibr), plural احبار (aḥbār))

  1. ink

Hijazi Arabic[edit]

Root
ح ب ر
2 terms

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic حِبْر (ḥibr).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ħi.bir/, [ħɪ.bɪr]

Noun[edit]

حبر • (ḥibir) m (construct state حِبْر (ḥibr), plural أحبار (ʔaḥbār))

  1. ink
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