ὁ

See also: ὅ, ο, Ο, ó, -ο, -Ο, ó-, and -ό

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *só, *séh₂, *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English se, sēo, þæt (English the, that).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ho/ → /o/ → /o/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ho/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)o/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /o/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /o/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /o/

• Audio (Classical Attic): ὁ, ἡ, τό

  (file)

Article

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)

1. (rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) the

Usage notes

• The article undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
  • τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
  • τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
  • τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
  • τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"

Pronoun

ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)

1. (Epic, demonstrative) that
2. (Epic, third person personal pronoun) he, she, it, they
3. (relative, Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) who, which, that

Inflection

First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Attic, Koine)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ		οἱ hoi	αἱ hai	τᾰ́ tá
Genitive		τοῦ toû	τῆς tês	τοῦ toû		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν / ταῖν toîn / taîn	τοῖν toîn		τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tôi	τῇ têi	τῷ tôi		τοῖν toîn	τοῖν / ταῖν toîn / taîn	τοῖν toîn		τοῖς toîs	ταῖς taîs	τοῖς toîs
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tá
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension. # The feminine dual forms τᾱ́ (tā́, nom., acc.) and ταῖν (taîn, gen., dat.) are rare. The regular plural nominatives τοί m (toí) and ταί f (taí) are Epic and Doric.

First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ὁ ho	ἡ hē	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ		οἱ / τοί hoi / toí	αἱ / ταί hai / taí	τᾰ́ tá
Genitive		τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo	τῆς tês	τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo		τοῖιν toîin	τοῖιν toîin	τοῖιν toîin		τῶν tôn	τῶν / τᾱ́ων tôn / tā́ōn	τῶν tôn
Dative		τῷ tôi	τῇ têi	τῷ tôi		τοῖιν toîin	τοῖιν toîin	τοῖιν toîin		τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n)	τῇς / τῇσι / τῇσιν têis / têisi(n)	τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n)
Accusative		τόν tón	τήν tḗn	τό tó		τώ tṓ	τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́	τώ tṓ		τούς toús	τᾱ́ς tā́s	τᾰ́ tá
Vocative		—	—	—		—	—	—		—	—	—
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

• Greek: ο (o)
• Tsakonian: ο (o)

See also

Ancient Greek correlatives ^(edit)

type	interrogative	indefinite	(medial) demonstrative	proximal demonstrative	distal demonstrative	relative	indefinite relative	identity	other
basic	τίς	τις, ἔνιοι	†ὁ, οὗτος	ὅδε	ἐκεῖνος	ὅς	ὅστις	ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός	ἕτερος, ἄλλος
dual	πότερος	πότερος, ποτερός				ὁπότερος
quality	ποῖος	ποιός	†τοῖος, τοιοῦτος	τοιόσδε		οἷος	ὁποῖος	ὅμοιος	ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος
quantity	πόσος	ποσός	†τόσος, τοσοῦτος	τοσόσδε		ὅσος	ὁπόσος
manner	πῶς	πως	†τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως	ὧδε		ὡς	ὅπως	ὁμῶς	ἑτέρως, ἄλλως
method, path, place	πῇ	πῃ	τῇ, ταύτῃ	τῇδε	ἐκείνῃ	ᾗ	ὅπῃ		ἄλλῃ
place	ποῦ, †πόθι	που, †ποθι	ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε	ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι	οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι	ὅπου, †ὁπόθι	αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ	ἄλλοθι
source	πόθεν	ποθεν	†τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν	ἐνθένδε	ἐκεῖθεν	ὅθεν	ὁπόθεν	†ὁμόθεν	ἄλλοθεν
destination	ποῖ, †πόσε	ποι	ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα	ἐνθάδε, δεῦρο	ἐκεῖσε	οἷ	ὅποι, †ὁπόσε	αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε	ἄλλοσε
time	πότε, πῆμος	ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε	τότε, τῆμος	τημόσδε		ὅτε, ἦμος	ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος	ἅμα	ἄλλοτε
exact time	πηνίκα		†τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα	τηνικάδε		ἡνίκα	ὁπηνίκα	αὐτίκα
duration of time			τέως			ἕως
size, age	πηλίκος	πηλίκος	†τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος	τηλικόσδε		ἡλίκος	ὁπηλίκος	ὁμῆλιξ
repetition	ποσάκις, ποσίνδα	ποσάκις	τουτάκις, τοσάκις			†ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις	ὁποσάκις
multiplication	ποσαπλάσιος					ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων
order	πόστος	ποστός					ὁπόστος
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions.

References

• “ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• G3588 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920) “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
• William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press