偽

See also: 伪 and 僞

Translingual

Han character

偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 2222₇, composition ⿰亻為)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
• Unihan data for U+507D

---

Chinese

trad.		偽/僞
simp.		伪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 偽
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song)	Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script s05848 Transcribed ancient scripts L21811 L21812
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wěi, wèi

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngúi
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gūi / ûi / ūi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngui⁶

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶we

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wěi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wěi
    • Wade–Giles: wei³
    • Yale: wěi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woei
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
    • Wade–Giles: wei⁴
    • Yale: wèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngai⁶
    • Yale: ngaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngei⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngúi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngui`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngui³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋu̯i³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gūi
    • Tâi-lô: guī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡui²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡui³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡui⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
    • Tâi-lô: uî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: uii
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ui²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi
    • Tâi-lô: uī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ui²²/

Note:

• gūi - literary;
• ûi/ūi - vernacular (俗).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ngui⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngŭi
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶we
    • MiniDict: we^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhue
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦue²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngjweH

Rime
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (14)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	危睡切
Baxter	ngjweH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiuᴇH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷᵚiɛH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɛH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjwiə̆H/
Li Rong	/ŋjueH/
Wang Li	/ŋǐweH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋwie̯H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/, /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷrals/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	偽	偽
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wěi	wěi
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjweH ›	‹ ngjweH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/	/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
English	false	falsify; deceive
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
No.	12867
Phonetic component	爲
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	僞
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷrals/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 偽

1. false; counterfeit; bogus; fake

   虛偽／虚伪  ―  xūwěi  ―  hypocritical; hypocrisy

   偽造／伪造  ―  wěizào  ―  to forge; to counterfeit

   偽鈔／伪钞  ―  wěichāo  ―  counterfeit banknote

   偽政權／伪政权  ―  wěizhèngquán  ―  puppet government

2. falsehood; untruthfulness
3. illegal; illegitimate
4. pseudo-

   偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱  ―  wěimáhuángjiǎn  ―  pseudoephedrine

---

Japanese

Shinjitai	偽
Kyūjitai	僞

Kanji

偽

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)

1. falsehood, lie
2. fake, forgery

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan’yō-on: か (ka)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: いつわり (itsuwari, 偽り)^{←いつはり (itufari, 偽り, historical)}; いつわる (itsuwaru, 偽る, Jōyō)^{←いつはる (itufaru, 偽る, historical)}; にせ (nise, 偽, Jōyō)

Compounds

Compounds

• 疑(ぎ)似(じ) (giji)
• 偽(ぎ)装(そう) (gisō)
• 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
• 偽(ぎ)善(ぜん) (gizen)
• 偽(ぎ)名(めい) (gimei)
• 偽(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku)
• 虚(きょ)偽(ぎ) (kyogi), 虚(こ)偽(ぎ) (kogi)
• 詐(さ)偽(ぎ) (sagi)
• 真(しん)偽(ぎ) (shingi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
偽
ぎ Grade: S
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/

From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ngjweH).

Noun

1. a falsehood, lie

   Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)

2. (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)

   Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(ぎ)印(いん) (gīn)
• 偽(ぎ)札(さつ) (gisatsu)
• 偽(ぎ)陰(いん)性(せい) (gīnsei)
• 偽(ぎ)陽(よう)性(せい) (giyōsei)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
偽
にせ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 似せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).

Alternative forms

• 贋

Adjectival noun

1. a counterfeit, forgery
2. an imitation, replica
3. prefixed to nouns:
   1. counterfeit, forged

      偽(にせ)札(さつ)

      nisesatsu

      counterfeit paper money

   2. fake, false

      偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)

      nise-gakusei

      student with a false identity

Usage notes

• Template:U:ja:informal

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(にせ)アカウント (nise-akaunto), 偽(にせ)アカ (niseaka)
• 偽(にせ)印(いん) (nisein)
• 偽(にせ)書(がき), 偽(にせ)書(が)き (nisegaki)
• 偽(にせ)金(がね) (nisegane)
• 偽(にせ)首(くび) (nisekubi)
• 偽(にせ)札(さつ) (nisesatsu)
• 偽(にせ)証(じょう)文(もん) (nise-jōmon)
• 偽(にせ)電(でん)話(わ)詐(さ)欺(ぎ) (nise denwa sagi)
• 偽(にせ)判(はん) (nise-han)
• 偽(にせ)者(もの) (nisemono)
• 偽(にせ)物(もの) (nisemono)

---

Korean

Hanja

偽 (eum 위 (wi))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.