偽

See also: 伪 and 僞

偽 U+507D, 偽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-507D ← 偼 [U+507C] CJK Unified Ideographs 偾 → [U+507E]

Translingual

Han character

偽 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人戈大火 (OIKF), four-corner 2222₇, composition ⿰亻為)

Derived characters

• 𠼮

References

• KangXi: not present, would follow page 112, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 927
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 195, character 4
• Unihan data for U+507D

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Chinese

trad.		偽/僞
simp.		伪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 偽
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song)	Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts	Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script s05848 Transcribed ancient scripts L21811 L21812
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
譌	*ŋʷaːl
嬀	*kʷral
潙	*kʷral, *ɢʷal
蟡	*kʷralʔ, *qʷral
僞	*ŋʷrals
噅	*qʰʷral
撝	*qʰʷral
爲	*ɢʷal, *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals
鄬	*ɢʷal, *ɢʷalʔ
蔿	*ɢʷalʔ
儰	*ɢʷalʔ
寪	*ɢʷalʔ
蘤	*ɢʷalʔ

Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷrals): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wěi, wèi

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˇ, ㄨㄟˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngai⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngúi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngui³

• Min Dong (BUC): ngôi
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): gūi / ûi / ūi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngui⁶

• Wu (Wiktionary): hhue (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wěi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wěi
    • Wade–Giles: wei³
    • Yale: wěi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: woei
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯²¹⁴/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wèi
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wèi
    • Wade–Giles: wei⁴
    • Yale: wèi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wey
    • Palladius: вэй (vɛj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngai⁶
    • Yale: ngaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngai⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngei⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɐi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngúi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngui`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngui³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋu̯i³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngui³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋuɪ³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngôi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gūi
    • Tâi-lô: guī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡui²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡui³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡui⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ûi
    • Tâi-lô: uî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: uii
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ui²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ūi
    • Tâi-lô: uī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ui
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ui²²/

Note:

• gūi - literary;
• ûi/ūi - vernacular (俗).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ngui⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngŭi
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋui³⁵/

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: hhue (T3)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦɯe̞²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ŋˠiuᴇ^H/

Rime
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	支 (14)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	危睡切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiuᴇH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷᵚiɛH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɛH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjwiə̆H/
Li Rong	/ŋjueH/
Wang Li	/ŋǐweH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋwie̯H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngai6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/, /*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷrals/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	偽	偽
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wěi	wěi
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjweH ›	‹ ngjweH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/	/*m-ɢʷ(r)aj-s/
English	FALSE	falsify; deceive
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	偽
Reading #	1/1
No.	12867
Phonetic component	爲
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	僞
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷrals/

Definitions

偽

1. false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial

   虛偽／虚伪  ―  xūwěi  ―  hypocritical; hypocrisy

   偽造／伪造  ―  wěizào  ―  to forge; to counterfeit

   偽鈔／伪钞  ―  wěichāo  ―  counterfeit banknote

   偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱  ―  wěimáhuángjiǎn  ―  pseudoephedrine

   • 人之性惡，其善者偽也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     人之性恶，其善者伪也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Rén zhī xìng è, qí shàn zhě wěi yě. [Pinyin]

     Man's nature is bad; his goodness is artificial.

2. falsehood; untruthfulness
3. illegal; illegitimate

   偽政權／伪政权  ―  wěizhèngquán  ―  puppet government

   偽滿洲國／伪满洲国  ―  Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó  ―  Manchukuo

   偽北京大學／伪北京大学  ―  Wěi Běijīng Dàxué  ―  the Peking University under the control of Chinese puppet state of the Empire of Japan

Compounds

• 乘偽行詐／乘伪行诈
• 作偽／作伪 (zuòwěi)
• 偽作／伪作 (wěizuò)
• 偽劣／伪劣 (wěiliè)
• 偽君子／伪君子 (wěijūnzǐ)
• 偽品／伪品
• 偽善／伪善 (wěishàn)
• 偽國／伪国
• 偽幣／伪币 (wěibì)
• 偽政府／伪政府
• 偽政權／伪政权 (wěizhèngquán)
• 偽書／伪书 (wěishū)
• 偽本／伪本
• 偽滿洲國／伪满洲国 (Wěi-Mǎnzhōuguó)

• 偽皇／伪皇 (wěihuáng)
• 偽科學／伪科学 (wěikēxué)
• 偽組織／伪组织
• 偽經／伪经 (wěijīng)
• 偽藥／伪药
• 偽裝／伪装 (wěizhuāng)
• 偽裝滲透／伪装渗透
• 偽託／伪托 (wěituō)
• 偽證／伪证 (wěizhèng)
• 偽譔／伪撰
• 偽足／伪足 (wěizú)
• 偽軍／伪军 (wěijūn)
• 偽造／伪造 (wěizào)
• 偽造文書／伪造文书

• 偽鈔／伪钞 (wěichāo)
• 偽飾／伪饰
• 偽麻黃鹼／伪麻黄碱 (wěimáhuángjiǎn)
• 別裁偽體／别裁伪体
• 去偽存真／去伪存真 (qùwěicúnzhēn)
• 情偽／情伪
• 真偽／真伪 (zhēnwěi)
• 真偽莫辨／真伪莫辨
• 矯言偽行／矫言伪行
• 矯飾偽行／矫饰伪行
• 虛偽／虚伪 (xūwěi)
• 詐偽／诈伪
• 邪偽／邪伪
• 飾偽／饰伪

References

• “偽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Shinjitai	偽
Kyūjitai	僞

Kanji

偽

(common “Jōyō” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 僞)

1. falsehood, lie
2. fake, forgery

Readings

• Go-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan-on: が (ga)^{←ぐわ (gwa, historical)}; ぎ (gi, Jōyō)^{←ぎ (gi, historical)←ぐゐ (gwi, ancient)}
• Kan’yō-on: か (ka)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: いつわり (itsuwari, 偽り)^{←いつはり (itufari, historical)}; いつわる (itsuwaru, 偽る, Jōyō)^{←いつはる (itufaru, historical)}; にせ (nise, 偽, Jōyō)

Compounds

Compounds

• 疑(ぎ)似(じ) (giji)
• 偽(ぎ)装(そう) (gisō)
• 偽(ぎ)造(ぞう) (gizō)
• 偽(ぎ)善(ぜん) (gizen)
• 偽(ぎ)名(めい) (gimei)
• 偽(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku)
• 虚(きょ)偽(ぎ) (kyogi), 虚(こ)偽(ぎ) (kogi)
• 詐(さ)偽(ぎ) (sagi)
• 真(しん)偽(ぎ) (shingi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
偽
ぎ Grade: S
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

/ŋui/ → /ɡwi/ → /ɡi/

From Middle Chinese 僞 (MC ŋˠiuᴇ^H).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• (Tokyo) ぎ​ [gíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɡʲi]

Noun

偽(ぎ) • (gi) 

1. a falsehood, lie

   Synonym: 偽り (itsuwari)

2. (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts)

   Antonyms: 真 (shin), 真理 (shinri)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(ぎ)印(いん) (giin)
• 偽(ぎ)札(さつ) (gisatsu)
• 偽(ぎ)陰(いん)性(せい) (giinsei)
• 偽(ぎ)陽(よう)性(せい) (giyōsei)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
偽
にせ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
僞 (kyūjitai)

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 似せる (niseru, “copy, imitate, forge”).

Alternative forms

• 贋

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) にせ [nìsé] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ise̞]

Adjective

偽(にせ) • (nise) 

1. a counterfeit, forgery
2. an imitation, replica
3. prefixed to nouns:
   1. counterfeit, forged

      偽(にせ)札(さつ)

      nisesatsu

      counterfeit paper money

   2. fake, false

      偽(にせ)学(がく)生(せい)

      nise-gakusei

      student with a false identity

Usage notes

• This is an example of a word that can be spelled with katakana to convey an informal conversational tone, as ニセ.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 偽(にせ)アカウント (nise-akaunto), 偽(にせ)アカ (niseaka)
• 偽(にせ)印(いん) (nisein)
• 偽(にせ)書(がき), 偽(にせ)書(が)き (nisegaki)
• 偽(にせ)金(がね) (nisegane)
• 偽(にせ)首(くび) (nisekubi)
• 偽(にせ)札(さつ) (nisesatsu)
• 偽(にせ)証(じょう)文(もん) (nise-jōmon)
• 偽(にせ)電(でん)話(わ)詐(さ)欺(ぎ) (nise denwa sagi)
• 偽(にせ)判(はん) (nise-han)
• 偽(にせ)者(もの) (nisemono)
• 偽(にせ)物(もの) (nisemono)

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Korean

Hanja

偽 (eum 위 (wi))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

偽: Hán Nôm readings: ngụy/nguỵ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.