桑

See also: 桒

Translingual

Han character

桑 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水水水木 (EEED), four-corner 1790₄, composition ⿱叒木)

Derived characters

• 嗓, 𪤌, 𡠏, 搡, 𪶽, 𨻗, 𣉕, 𦟄, 槡, 𤌧, 𪼏, 磉, 縔, 𧏠, 褬, 𬧉, 䡦(𬨑), 𨢆, 鎟, 䮣, 𩺞, 𪳫, 㯩, 顙(颡), 𦶿, 𩮧

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 526, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14772
• Dae Jaweon: page 914, character 14
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1209, character 3
• Unihan data for U+6851

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Chinese

trad.		桑
simp. #		桑
alternative forms		桒

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 桑
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (桑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
桒	*sŋaːŋ
桑	*sŋaːŋ
磉	*sŋaːŋʔ
顙	*sŋaːŋʔ
嗓	*sŋaːŋʔ
搡	*sŋaːŋʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): song / sng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): seng¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sang
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹
    • Yale: sāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
    • Palladius: сан (san)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: song¹
    • Yale: sōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: song¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song / sng
    • Tâi-lô: song / sng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sofng, sngf
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³/, /sŋ̍³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/

Note:

• song - literary;
• sng - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: seng¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ³³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 桑
Mandarin	Beijing	/sɑŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/saŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/sɑŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/saŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/saŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/saŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/saŋ²¹/
	Xining	/sɔ̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/sɑ̃³¹/
	Ürümqi	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/sã̠⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/saŋ³¹/
	Hefei	/sɑ̃²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/sɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/sɑŋ¹³/ /ɕyə¹³/
	Hohhot	/sɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/sɑ̃⁵³/
	Suzhou	/sɑ̃⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sɑŋ³³/
	Wenzhou	/suɔ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/so³¹/
	Tunxi	/sau¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/san³³/
	Xiangtan	/sɔn³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/soŋ⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/soŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɔŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/ɬɔŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/ /sŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/souŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/sɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/sɯŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/saŋ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: sang

Rime
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	息郎切
Baxter	sang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁaŋ/
English	mulberry tree
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
No.	10980
Phonetic component	桑
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	桑
Old Chinese	/*sŋaːŋ/

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 桑

1. mulberry tree
2. a surname

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese さん (-san). Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Min Nan 卡桑 (khà-sàng), 多桑 (tò-sàng), 歐巴桑／欧巴桑 (o͘-bá-sáng), and 歐吉桑／欧吉桑 (o͘-jí-sáng).

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 桑

1. (ACG, Internet slang) -san

Related terms

• 醬／酱 (jiàng, “-chan”), 炭 (tàn, “-tan”), 君 (jūn, “-kun”), 樣／样 (yàng, “-sama”)

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Japanese

桑

Kanji

桑

(Jōyō kanji)

1. mulberry

Readings

• Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kun: くわ (kuwa, 桑, Jōyō)^{←くは (kufa, 桑, historical)}

Etymology

Kanji in this term
桑
くわ Grade: S
kun'yomi

/kupa/ → /kuɸa/ → /kuwa/

From Old Japanese. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Ultimate derivation unclear. Definitely not related to Korean 뽕 (ppong, “mulberry tree”) or 오디 (odi, “mulberry fruit”), nor to Ainu テㇱマニ (tesmani, “mulberry tree”) or ツレㇷ゚ニ (turepni, “mulberry tree”).

Some theories suggest this might have originally been a compound. Possible derivations may include:

• A shift from 蚕葉 (kopa, “silkworm + leaf”)
• A shift from 胡葉 (kopa, “non-Chinese people to the west of China + leaf”), possibly referencing the origin of some mulberry species in central Asia
• A contraction of 食ふ葉 (kupu pa, “eat + leaf”), where kupu is the ancient reading of modern 食う (kuu)

Noun

1. mulberry

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クワ.

This term can refer to the fruit or the tree. For greater specificity, the following may be used:

• 桑(くわ)の木(き) (kuwa no ki): mulberry tree
• 桑(くわ)の実(み) (kuwa no mi): mulberry fruit

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Korean

Hanja

桑 (eumhun 뽕나무 상 (ppongnamu sang))

1. mulberry tree

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 桑 (tang, dâu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.