減

See also: 减

Translingual

Han character

減 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 水戈竹口 (EIHR), four-corner 3315₀, composition ⿰氵咸)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 633, character 42
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17759
• Dae Jaweon: page 1040, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1671, character 7
• Unihan data for U+6E1B

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Chinese

trad.		減
simp.		减

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (咸) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
感	*kɯːmʔ
鱤	*kɯːmʔ
顑	*kʰɯːmʔ, *ŋɡrɯːms
轗	*kʰɯːmʔ, *kʰɯːms
撼	*ɡɯːmʔ
憾	*ɡɯːms
喊	*qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
緘	*krɯːm
瑊	*krɯːm, *kjum
黬	*krɯːm, *ŋɡrɯːm
減	*krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ
羬	*ŋɡrɯːm, *ɡram
麙	*ŋɡrɯːm
咸	*ɡrɯːm
鹹	*ɡrɯːm
醎	*ɡrɯːm
諴	*ɡrɯːm
椷	*ɡrɯːm
輱	*ɡrɯːm
鍼	*ɡam, *ɡram, *kjɯm
箴	*kjɯm
葴	*kjɯm
鱵	*kjum

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiǎn (jian³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kám
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiám / kám

  (Teochew, Peng'im): giam²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiǎn
    • Wade–Giles: chien³
    • Yale: jyǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jean
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaam²
    • Yale: gáam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaam²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gam²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam³
    • Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiám
    • Tâi-lô: kiám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiarm
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kiam⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiam⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiam⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kám
    • Tâi-lô: kám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: karm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kam⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

• kiám - vernacular;
• kám - literary;
• kiám - literary (Zhangzhou).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: giam²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiám
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiam⁵²/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 減
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕian²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕian²¹³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕian¹³/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiã⁵³/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiã⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕiɛn⁴²/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕian⁵³/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕian⁴²/ /kan⁴²/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ̃⁵³/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕien²¹²/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiĩ²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie⁵³/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕiɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ke⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ke̞⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕiẽ̞⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/ka³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕie³⁵/ /kɛ³⁵/
	Tunxi	/kɔ³¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kan⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/kan⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/kan²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kam³¹/
	Taoyuan	/kɑm³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kam³⁵/
	Nanning	/kam³⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kam³⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kam⁵³/ /kiam⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kɛiŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiam⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kiam²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: heamX, keamX

Rime
Character	減	減
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	II
Fanqie	下斬切	古斬切
Baxter	heamX	keamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛmX/	/kˠɛmX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæmX/	/kᵚæmX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐmX/	/kɐmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨmX/	/kəɨmX/
Li Rong	/ɣɐmX/	/kɐmX/
Wang Li	/ɣɐmX/	/kɐmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣămX/	/kămX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn	jiǎn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6	gaam2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤr[ə]mʔ/, /*kˤr[ə]mʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːmʔ/, /*ɡrɯːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	減	減
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiǎn	jiǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛmX ›	‹ kɛmX ›
Old Chinese	/*m-kˁr[ə]mʔ/	/*kˁr[ə]mʔ/
English	abridge	reduce
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	減	減
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	13509	13521
Phonetic component	咸	咸
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	鹼	豏
Old Chinese	/*krɯːmʔ/	/*ɡrɯːmʔ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 減

1. to decrease; to subtract; to diminish
2. (arithmetic) to subtract
3. 55th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "diminishment" (𝌼)

Antonyms

• 加 (jiā, “to add”)

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

減

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: けん (ken); げん (gen, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かん (kan)
• Kun: へる (heru, 減る, Jōyō); へらす (herasu, 減らす, Jōyō)

Suffix

減(げん) • (-gen) 

1. reduction

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Korean

Hanja

減 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam, Yale kam)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• 減價 (감가, )
• 減量 (감량, )
• 減免 (감면, )
• 減俸 (감봉, )
• 減産 (감산, )
• 減算 (감산, )
• 減稅 (감세, )
• 減少 (감소, )
• 減速 (감속, )
• 減食 (감식, )
• 減額 (감액, )
• 減員 (감원, )
• 減資 (감자, gamja)
• 減縮 (감축, )
• 減退 (감퇴, )
• 減刑 (감형, )

• 加減 (가감, gagam)
• 激減 (격감, )
• 輕減 (경감, )
• 極減 (극감, )
• 急減 (급감, )
• 半減 (반감, )
• 削減 (삭감, )
• 低減 (저감, )
• 節減 (절감, )
• 增減 (증감, )
• 差減 (차감, )
• 遞減 (체감, )

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 減 (giảm, dởm, xảm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.