lind

See also: Lind

English

Etymology

From Middle English lind, linde, from Old English lind, from Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Cognate with Dutch linde, German Linde, Swedish lind. Cognate to Albanian lëndë (“wood, timber, material”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɪnd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɪnd
• Homophone: lend (pin–pen merger)

Noun

lind (plural linds)

1. (obsolete) The lime tree, or linden tree.

Albanian

Etymology

Related in root to lej (“to give birth; to be born”). From a Proto-Albanian *lindi/a-, from Proto-Indo-European *leyd- (“to let go”).

Verb

lind (aorist linda, participle lindur)

1. (intransitive) to be born

   Synonyms: lej, lindem

2. (transitive) to give birth, bear (child)

   Synonym: lej

Conjugation

Standard Albanian conjugation of lind (active voice)

• Show compound tenses:  

		participle		lindur
		gerund		duke lindur
		infinitive		për të lindur
singular			plural
1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.	1st pers.	2nd pers.	3rd pers.
indicative	present	lind	lind	lind	lindim	lindni	lindin
	imperfect	lindja	lindje	lindte	lindnim	lindnit	lindnin
	aorist	linda	linde	lindi	lindëm	lindët	lindën
perfect	kam lindur	ke lindur	ka lindur	kemi lindur	keni lindur	kanë lindur
past perfect	kisha lindur	kishe lindur	kishte lindur	kishim lindur	kishit lindur	kishin lindur
aorist II	pata lindur	pate lindur	pati lindur	patëm lindur	patët lindur	patën lindur
future1	do të lind	do të lindësh	do të lindë	do të lindim	do të lindni	do të lindin
future perfect2	do të kem lindur	do të kesh lindur	do të ketë lindur	do të kemi lindur	do të keni lindur	do të kenë lindur
subjunctive	present	të lind	të lindësh	të lindë	të lindim	të lindni	të lindin
imperfect	të lindja	të lindje	të lindte	të lindnim	të lindnit	të lindnin
perfect	të kem lindur	të kesh lindur	të ketë lindur	të kemi lindur	të keni lindur	të kenë lindur
past perfect	të kisha lindur	të kishe lindur	të kishte lindur	të kishim lindur	të kishit lindur	të kishin lindur
conditional1, 2	imperfect	do të lindja	do të lindje	do të lindte	do të lindnim	do të lindnit	do të lindnin
	past perfect	do të kisha lindur	do të kishe lindur	do të kishte lindur	do të kishim lindur	do të kishit lindur	do të kishin lindur
optative	present	lindsha	lindsh	lindtë	lindshim	lindshi	lindshin
perfect	paça lindur	paç lindur	pastë lindur	paçim lindur	paçit lindur	paçin lindur
admirative	present	lindkam	lindke	lindka	lindkemi	lindkeni	lindkan
	imperfect	lindkësha	lindkëshe	lindkësh	lindkëshim	lindkëshit	lindkëshin
perfect	paskam lindur	paske lindur	paska lindur	paskemi lindur	paskeni lindur	paskan lindur
past perfect	paskësha lindur	paskëshe lindur	paskësh lindur	paskëshim lindur	paskëshit lindur	paskëshin lindur
imperative	present	—	lind	—	—	lindni	—
1) indicative future identical with conditional present 2) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Derived terms

• lindem
• rilindem

Danish

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -end

Etymology 1

From Old Norse lind.

Adjective

lind

1. soft
2. thin

Inflection

Inflection of lind

	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	lind	—	—2
indefinite neuter singular	lindt	—	—2
plural	linde	—	—2
definite attributive1	linde	—	—

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

Etymology 2

From Old Norse lind.

Noun

lind c (singular definite linden, plural indefinite linde)

1. linden, lime, basswood (Tilia)

Inflection

Declension of lind

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lind	linden	linde	lindene
genitive	linds	lindens	lindes	lindenes

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *lunta or *linta, compare with Finnish lintu, Ter Sami lonnˈt, Northern Mansi лунт (lunt) and Hungarian lúd.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlind̥/, [ˈlʲind̥]
• Rhymes: -ind
• Hyphenation: lind

Noun

lind (genitive linnu, partitive lindu)

1. bird

Declension

Declension of lind (ÕS type 22e/riik, d-n gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		lind	linnud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	linnu
genitive			lindude
partitive		lindu	linde lindusid
illative		lindu linnusse	lindudesse linnesse
inessive		linnus	lindudes linnes
elative		linnust	lindudest linnest
allative		linnule	lindudele linnele
adessive		linnul	lindudel linnel
ablative		linnult	lindudelt linnelt
translative		linnuks	lindudeks linneks
terminative		linnuni	lindudeni
essive		linnuna	lindudena
abessive		linnuta	lindudeta
comitative		linnuga	lindudega

Derived terms

• kodulind
• laululind
• linnuke
• teraslind

Further reading

• lind in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

German

Alternative forms

• linde (obsolete)

Etymology

From Middle High German lint, linde, from Old High German lind, lindi, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī), from Proto-Germanic *linþaz. Cognate with English lithe.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɪnt/

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Adjective

lind (strong nominative masculine singular linder, comparative linder, superlative am lindesten or (poetic) am lindsten)

1. (literary of weather phenomena, otherwise archaic, poetic) mild, gentle

   Synonyms: lau, mild, sacht, sanft

   ein linder Sommerwind ― a balmy summer wind

   • 1942, Stefan Zweig, Die Welt von Gestern […] [The World of Yesterday]‎^[2]:

     […] es war lind, hier zu leben, in dieser Atmosphäre geistiger Konzilianz, und unbewußt wurde jeder Bürger dieser Stadt zum Übernationalen, zum Kosmopolitischen, zum Weltbürger erzogen.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Positive forms of lind

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist lind	sie ist lind	es ist lind	sie sind lind
strong declension (without article)	nominative	linder	linde	lindes	linde
	genitive	linden	linder	linden	linder
	dative	lindem	linder	lindem	linden
	accusative	linden	linde	lindes	linde
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der linde	die linde	das linde	die linden
	genitive	des linden	der linden	des linden	der linden
	dative	dem linden	der linden	dem linden	den linden
	accusative	den linden	die linde	das linde	die linden
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein linder	eine linde	ein lindes	(keine) linden
	genitive	eines linden	einer linden	eines linden	(keiner) linden
	dative	einem linden	einer linden	einem linden	(keinen) linden
	accusative	einen linden	eine linde	ein lindes	(keine) linden

Comparative forms of lind

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist linder	sie ist linder	es ist linder	sie sind linder
strong declension (without article)	nominative	linderer	lindere	linderes	lindere
	genitive	linderen	linderer	linderen	linderer
	dative	linderem	linderer	linderem	linderen
	accusative	linderen	lindere	linderes	lindere
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der lindere	die lindere	das lindere	die linderen
	genitive	des linderen	der linderen	des linderen	der linderen
	dative	dem linderen	der linderen	dem linderen	den linderen
	accusative	den linderen	die lindere	das lindere	die linderen
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein linderer	eine lindere	ein linderes	(keine) linderen
	genitive	eines linderen	einer linderen	eines linderen	(keiner) linderen
	dative	einem linderen	einer linderen	einem linderen	(keinen) linderen
	accusative	einen linderen	eine lindere	ein linderes	(keine) linderen

Superlative forms of lind

number & gender		singular			plural
		masculine	feminine	neuter
predicative		er ist am lindesten er ist am lindsten	sie ist am lindesten sie ist am lindsten	es ist am lindesten es ist am lindsten	sie sind am lindesten sie sind am lindsten
strong declension (without article)	nominative	lindester lindster	lindeste lindste	lindestes lindstes	lindeste lindste
	genitive	lindesten lindsten	lindester lindster	lindesten lindsten	lindester lindster
	dative	lindestem lindstem	lindester lindster	lindestem lindstem	lindesten lindsten
	accusative	lindesten lindsten	lindeste lindste	lindestes lindstes	lindeste lindste
weak declension (with definite article)	nominative	der lindeste der lindste	die lindeste die lindste	das lindeste das lindste	die lindesten die lindsten
	genitive	des lindesten des lindsten	der lindesten der lindsten	des lindesten des lindsten	der lindesten der lindsten
	dative	dem lindesten dem lindsten	der lindesten der lindsten	dem lindesten dem lindsten	den lindesten den lindsten
	accusative	den lindesten den lindsten	die lindeste die lindste	das lindeste das lindste	die lindesten die lindsten
mixed declension (with indefinite article)	nominative	ein lindester ein lindster	eine lindeste eine lindste	ein lindestes ein lindstes	(keine) lindesten (keine) lindsten
	genitive	eines lindesten eines lindsten	einer lindesten einer lindsten	eines lindesten eines lindsten	(keiner) lindesten (keiner) lindsten
	dative	einem lindesten einem lindsten	einer lindesten einer lindsten	einem lindesten einem lindsten	(keinen) lindesten (keinen) lindsten
	accusative	einen lindesten einen lindsten	eine lindeste eine lindste	ein lindestes ein lindstes	(keine) lindesten (keine) lindsten

Derived terms

• gelinde
• lindern

Related terms

• Lindwurm

Further reading

• “lind” in Duden online
• “lind” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɪnt/
• Rhymes: -ɪnt

Etymology 1

Probably related to sense 2 (“linden tree”)

Noun

lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)

1. spring (place where water emerges from the ground)

   Synonyms: uppspretta, brunnur, vatnsrás

Declension

Declension of lind (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lind	lindin	lindir	lindirnar
accusative	lind	lindina	lindir	lindirnar
dative	lind	lindinni	lindum	lindunum
genitive	lindar	lindarinnar	linda	lindanna

Derived terms

• auðlind (“natural resource”)
• gróðalind (“profit source”)
• lindarvatn
• olíulind (“oil source”)
• orkulind (“power source”)
• tekjulind (“source of income”)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Noun

lind f (genitive singular lindar, nominative plural lindir)

1. lime, linden (Tilia)

   Synonym: linditré

Declension

Declension of lind (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lind	lindin	lindir	lindirnar
accusative	lind	lindina	lindir	lindirnar
dative	lind	lindinni	lindum	lindunum
genitive	lindar	lindarinnar	linda	lindanna

References

• The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. (1934). United States: Journal Publishing Company, p. 93

Livonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *lintu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlind/, [ˈlinˑd̥]

Noun

lind

1. bird

Declension

Declension of lind (94)

	singular (ikšlu’g)	plural (pǟgiņlu’g)
nominative (nominatīv)	lind	līndõd
genitive (genitīv)	lind	līndõd
partitive (partitīv)	lindõ	līndidi
dative (datīv)	lindõn	līndõdõn
instrumental (instrumentāl)	lindkõks	līndõdõks
illative (illatīv)	lindõ	līndiž
inessive (inesīv)	lindsõ	līndis
elative (elatīv)	lindstõ	līndist

References

• Tiit-Rein Viitso; Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), “lind”, in Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz [Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary]‎^[3] (in Estonian and Latvian), Tartu, Rīga: Tartu Ülikool, Latviešu valodas aģentūra

Etymology 2

Verb

lind

1. Salaca form of lindõ (“to fly”)

References

• Andreas Johan Sjögren, Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann (1861), Livisch-deutsches und deutsch-livisches Wörterbuch
• Pajusalu, Karl & Winkler, Eberhard, Salis-livisches Wörterbuch (2009). Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia. Tallinn.

Ludian

Lind.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu. Cognates include Finnish lintu and Veps lind.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlʲind/
• Rhymes: -ind
• Hyphenation: lind

Noun

lind

1. bird

Declension

Declension of lind (type 5b/čiič, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	lind	lindud
genitive	lindun	linduiden
partitive	lindud	linduid
essive	lindun	linduin
instructive	—	linduin
inessive	lindus	linduiš
elative	linduspiä	linduišpiä
illative	linduh	linduihe
adessive	lindul	linduil
ablative	lindulpiä	linduilpiä
allative	lindule	linduile
abessive	linduta	linduita
prolative	linduči	linduiči
translative	linduks	linduikš
additive	linduhpiä	linduihepiä
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)

References

• Juho Kujola (1944), Lyydiläismurteiden sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 205
• M. Pahomov (2022), “lind”, in Lüüdi-venän, venä-lüüdin sanakirdʹ‎^[4], Helsinki: Lüüdilaine Siebr, →ISBN, page 93

Middle English

Noun

lind (lyndes)

1. alternative form of lynde

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Noun

lind f or m (definite singular linda or linden, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)

1. lime, linden (Tilia)

References

• “lind” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Noun

lind f (definite singular linda, indefinite plural linder, definite plural lindene)

1. lime, linden (Tilia)

References

• “lind” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *lindu, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lind/

Noun

lind f (nominative plural linde)

1. lime, linden
2. (poetic) shield (made from linden wood)

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

	singular	plural
nominative	lind	linda, linde
accusative	linde	linda, linde
genitive	linde	linda
dative	linde	lindum

Derived terms

• lindhæbbend
• lindplega

Descendants

• Middle English: lynde, lynd, linde, lind, lyne, lyn
  • English: lind, lime
  • Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *lindos, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leyH- (“to flow”). The two differently-inflecting nouns are closely related, but their morphologies are mysterious.

Noun

lind f (genitive linde)

1. a body of water: pool, lake
   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 102^a2

     .i. lind te

     i.e. hot pool [The glossator having misunderstood Latin termes (“branch”) as being related to therma (“hot bath”)]

Inflection

Feminine ī-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	lindL	lindL	lindiH, lindi
vocative	lindL	lindL	lindiH, lindi
accusative	lindN, lindi	lindL	lindiH, lindi
genitive	lindeH	lindeL	lindeN
dative	lindL, lindi	lindib	lindib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Noun

lind n (genitive lenda)

1. drink
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 7^d9

     […] hi sunt tra ↄricc frissa lind serb in chúrsactha, lase fo·ruillecta beóil in chalich di mil cosse anall […]

     […] Herein, then, he comes into contact with the bitter drink of the reproval, when the lips of the chalice have hitherto been smeared with honey […]

   • c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 6, pages 115-179:

     […] céne con·n-oither mo thimnasa insin purt-sa, nícon·ibthar lind dermait dé and.

     […] as long as my rules are upheld in this place, liquor that leads to us forgetting about God are not to be drunk.

   • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 73^a8

     lind ― glosses Latin liquamen (“drink”)

2. liquid
   • c. 815-840, “The Monastery of Tallaght”, in Edward J. Gwynn, Walter J. Purton, transl., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, published 1911-1912, paragraph 88, pages 115-179:

     Acht is mí-chumne spiride fri télach neich din imarcraid lenda bís isind churp.

     But it is an evil recollection of the spirit, accompanying a discharge of some of the excess liquid that is usually in the body.

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 129^d13-14

     ibthecha .i. it mathi inna ganema oc oul ind lenda.

     absorbent, i.e. the sands are good at absorbing the liquid.

Inflection

Neuter u-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	lindN	lindL	lindL, lenda
vocative	lindN	lindL	lind
accusative	lindN	lindL	lind
genitive	lendoH, lendaH	lendoN, lendaN	lendN
dative	lindL	lendaib	lendaib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Mutation

Mutation of lind

radical	lenition	nasalization
lind also llind in h-prothesis environments	lind pronounced with /lʲ-/	lind also llind

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 linn”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Noun

lind f

1. lime, linden (tree)
2. (poetic) linden shield, spear-shaft (weaponry or gear made from lime)

Declension

Declension of lind (strong ō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lind	lindin	lindar	lindarnar
accusative	lind	lindina	lindar	lindarnar
dative	lind	lindinni	lindum	lindunum
genitive	lindar	lindarinnar	linda	lindanna

Related terms

• lindi

Descendants

• Icelandic: lind
• Faroese: lind
• Norwegian Nynorsk: lind
• Swedish: lind c
• Danish: lind c
  • Norwegian Bokmål: lind m or f

Further reading

• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “lind”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Plautdietsch

Etymology

From Middle Low German linde, from Old Saxon *lindi, a Frankish-influenced byform of līthi, from Proto-West Germanic *linþ(ī).

Adjective

lind

1. mild, soft
2. lenient

Swedish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Swedish lind, from Old Norse lind, from Proto-Germanic *lindō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɪnd/

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

lind c

1. linden tree

Declension

Declension of lind

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	lind	linds
	definite	linden	lindens
plural	indefinite	lindar	lindars
	definite	lindarna	lindarnas

Derived terms

• parklind
• skogslind

Further reading

• lind in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker
• lind in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *lintu.

Noun

lind

1. bird

Inflection

Inflection of lind (inflection type 1/ilo)
nominative sing.	lind
genitive sing.	lindun
partitive sing.	lindud
partitive plur.	linduid
	singular	plural
nominative	lind	lindud
accusative	lindun	lindud
genitive	lindun	linduiden
partitive	lindud	linduid
essive-instructive	lindun	linduin
translative	linduks	linduikš
inessive	lindus	linduiš
elative	linduspäi	linduišpäi
illative	linduhu	linduihe
adessive	lindul	linduil
ablative	lindulpäi	linduilpäi
allative	lindule	linduile
abessive	linduta	linduita
comitative	lindunke	linduidenke
prolative	lindudme	linduidme
approximative I	lindunno	linduidenno
approximative II	lindunnoks	linduidennoks
egressive	lindunnopäi	linduidennopäi
terminative I	linduhusai	linduihesai
terminative II	lindulesai	linduilesai
terminative III	lindussai	—
additive I	linduhupäi	linduihepäi
additive II	lindulepäi	linduilepäi

Derived terms

• kagrlind
• kegonpaniilind
• kodalind
• käbulind
• lindunpoigaine
• pihlʹlind
• rugižlind
• toroklind
• tähklind
• vagolind
• vilulind

References

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “птица”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[5], Petrozavodsk: Periodika