せる
Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Classical Japanese す (su), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Pitch accent depends on suffixed verb.
Suffix
[edit]せる • (-seru) ichidan (stem せ (-se), past せた (-seta))
- expresses causation: to make ... do ...
Usage notes
[edit]Attaches only to the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “Group I”) verbs and the irregular verb する (suru). The result is conjugated like an 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō) verb.
| non-accented word |
dictionary form | mizenkei + -seru | accented word |
dictionary form | mizenkei + -seru |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godan verbs (type 1) | |||||
| 聞く | きく (kìkú) | きかせる (kìkásérú) | 書く | かく (káꜜkù) | かかせる (kàkáséꜜrù) |
| 嗅ぐ | かぐ (kàgú) | かがせる (kàgásérú) | 泳ぐ | およぐ (òyóꜜgù) | およがせる (òyógáséꜜrù) |
| 貸す | かす (kàsú) | かさせる (kàsásérú) | 話す | はなす (hànáꜜsù) | はなさせる (hànásáséꜜrù) |
| 取り持つ | とりもつ (tòrímótsú) | とりもたせる (tòrímótásérú) | 立つ | たつ (táꜜtsù) | たたせる (tàtáséꜜrù) |
| 死ぬ | しぬ (shìnú) | しなせる (shìnásérú) | 凍え死ぬ | こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) | こごえしなせる (kògóéshínáséꜜrù) |
| 呼ぶ | よぶ (yòbú) | よばせる (yòbásérú) | 選ぶ | えらぶ (èráꜜbù) | えらばせる (èrábáséꜜrù) |
| 望む | のぞむ (nòzómú) | のぞませる (nòzómásérú) | 読む | よむ (yóꜜmù) | よませる (yòmáséꜜrù) |
| 終わる | おわる (òwárú) | おわらせる (òwárásérú) | 作る | つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) | つくらせる (tsùkúráséꜜrù) |
| 言う | いう (ìú) | いわせる (ìwásérú) | 会う | あう (áꜜù) | あわせる (àwáséꜜrù) |
| 追う | おう (òú) | おわせる (òwásérú) | 食う | くう (kúꜜù) | くわせる (kùwáséꜜrù) |
| irregular verbs (type 3) | |||||
| する | する (sùrú) | させる (sàsérú) | |||
(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)
The passive form of verbs from other conjugation classes are formed with させる (-saseru) instead of せる (-seru).
In colloquial speech, せる (-seru) can be contracted to す (-su), which follows 五段活用 (godan katsuyō, “quinquigrade conjugation”).
In traditional Japanese grammar, this is a 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”). Morphologically, this is an inflectional suffix whose proper shape is -ase- (terminal form -aseru), attaching to the stem of consonant-stem verbs.
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | せ | -se | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | せ | -se | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | せる | -seru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | せる | -seru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | せれ | -sere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | せよ¹ せろ² |
-seyo¹ -sero² | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | せられる | -serareru | |
| Causative | - | - | |
| Potential | せられる せれる³ |
-serareru -sereru³ | |
| Volitional | せよう | -seyō | |
| Negative | せない せぬ せん |
-senai -senu -sen | |
| Negative continuative | せず | -sezu | |
| Formal | せます | -semasu | |
| Perfective | せた | -seta | |
| Conjunctive | せて | -sete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | せれば | -sereba | |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of せる – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, せる (seru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of せる – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, せる (seru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4
[edit]The attributive conjugation of stative せり (seri), in turn analyzable as せ (se, stem of verb する (suru)) + stative auxiliary suffix り (ri). See り for further details.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese suffixes
- Japanese hiragana
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms with Atamadaka pitch accent (Tōkyō)
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation with pitch accent
- Japanese non-lemma forms
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