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人間

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 人间

Chinese

[edit]
man; person; people
interstice; separate; between
interstice; separate; between; among; space; (measure word)
 
trad. (人間) 人 間
simp. (人间) 人 间
alternative forms 人閒 variant traditional form

Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 人 間
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial (聲) 日 (38) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 山 (73)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III II
Fanqie 如鄰切 古閑切
Baxter nyin kean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵiɪn/ /kˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵin/ /kᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑjen/ /kæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵin/ /kəɨn/
Li
Rong 		/ȵiĕn/ /kɛn/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭĕn/ /kæn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯ĕn/ /kăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rén jiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jan4 gaan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 人 間
Reading # 1/1 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		rén jiān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyin › ‹ kɛn ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ni[ŋ]/ /*kˁre[n]/
English (other) person interval

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 人 間
Reading # 1/1 1/2
No. 10800 6226
Phonetic
component 		人 閒
Rime
group 		眞 元
Rime
subdivision 		1 2
Corresponding
MC rime 		仁 閒
Old
Chinese 		/*njin/ /*kreːn/
Notes 原作閒同說文

Noun

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人間

  1. the human world; the world of mortals

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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[edit]

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (人間):

Japanese

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Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    人 間
    にん
    Grade: 1     		けん > げん
    Grade: 2
    goon

    From Middle Chinese 人間 (MC nyin kean|keanH). Analyzable as a compound of "people" + "among; space".

    First cited to a text from 984.[1] The kanji spelling is cited earlier in a kanbun passage in the Shoku Nihongi of 756, listed in some references[1] with the reading jinkan. However, the extant copies of this work that include phonetic guides are centuries younger than this first date, raising the possibility that the ningen reading might itself date from 756.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    人(にん)間(げん) • (ningen) 

    1. [from 1120] human, person, human being
      人間(にんげん)社会(しゃかい)
      ningen shakai
      human society
    2. [date uncertain] personality, character
    3. [from 984? from 756?] (Buddhism) literally meaning: "human society", referring to one of the six realms of reincarnation in Buddhist cosmology (more commonly referred to with the jinkan reading)
    Descendants
    [edit]

    See also

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    Etymology 2

    [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      人 間
      じん
      Grade: 1       		かん
      Grade: 2
      kan'yōon

      From Middle Chinese 人間 (MC nyin kean|keanH). Analyzable as a compound of "people" + "among; space".

      First cited in a kanbun passage in the Shoku Nihongi of 756, listed in some references[1] with the reading jinkan. However, the extant copies of this work that include phonetic guides are centuries younger than this first date, raising the possibility that the jinkan reading might be younger than this date.

      Noun

      [edit]

      人(じん)間(かん) • (jinkan) 

      1. [from 756?] (archaic) the world in which people live; the world, society
      Synonyms
      [edit]

      Etymology 3

      [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        人 間
        ひと
        Grade: 1         		ま
        Grade: 2
        kun'yomi

        A compound of 人 (hito, “people”) +‎ 間 (ma, “gap”). First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720,[1] and also attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[4]

        Noun

        [edit]

        人(ひと)間(ま) • (hitoma) 

        1. [from 720] (dated, rare) a place devoid of people
        2. [from 1505] (dated, rare) a period of no contact with a person

        References

        [edit]
        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “人間”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
        2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
        3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
        4. ^
          c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 11, poem 2576:

        Korean

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        Hanja in this term
        人間

        Noun

        [edit]

        人間 • (in'gan) (hangeul 인간)

        1. hanja form? of 인간 (“people, humanity”)

        Miyako

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        人 間
        にん
        Grade: 1         		きん > ぎん
        Grade: 2
        on'yomi

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • (Tarama) IPA(key): /ninɡin/
        • (Nakachi, Irabu) IPA(key): /niŋɡiŋ/

        Noun

        [edit]

        人(にん)間(ぎん) (ningin) 

        1. human, person, human being
        2. personality, character

        References

        [edit]
        • Tokuyama, Shun'ei (渡久山春英); Kenan, Celik (セリック・ケナン) (2020), 南琉球宮古語多良間方言辞典 [A Dictionary of Tarama Miyako, a dialect of Southern Ryukyuan], Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所 言語変異研究領域), →ISBN, page 343
        • Tomihama, Sadayoshi (富浜定吉) (2013), 宮古伊良部方言辞典 [Miyako Irabu Dialect Dictionary], Naha (那覇市): Okinawa Times (沖縄タイムス社), →ISBN, page 504

        Okinawan

        [edit]
        Kanji in this term
        人 間
        にん
        Grade: 1         		きん > ぢん
        Grade: 2
        on'yomi

        Noun

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        人(にん)間(ぢん) (ninjin) 

        1. human, person, human being

        References

        [edit]
        • Miyara, Shinshō (宮良信詳) (2021), うちなーぐち活用辞典 [Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京都): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立国語研究所 言語変異研究領域), →DOI, →ISBN, page 233


        Vietnamese

        [edit]
        chữ Hán Nôm in this term
        人間

        Noun

        [edit]

        人間

        1. chữ Hán form of nhân gian (“the human world; the world of mortals”)
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