科

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

科 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木卜十 (HDYJ), four-corner 2490₀, composition ⿰禾斗)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 850, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24950
• Dae Jaweon: page 1274, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 7
• Unihan data for U+79D1

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		科

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 科
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
科	*kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪	*kʰoːl
蝌	*kʰoːl
犐	*kʰoːl
禾	*ɡoːl
和	*ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊	*ɡoːl
盉	*ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢	*ɡoːl
鉌	*ɡoːl
俰	*ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kē (ke¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fo¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khô

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ko¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): kuŏ
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khe / kher / kho

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kuê¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹khu

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kē
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄜ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ke
    • Wade–Giles: kʻo¹
    • Yale: kē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ke
    • Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fo¹
    • Yale: fō
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fo¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: fo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khô
    • Hakka Romanization System: ko^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ko¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰo²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ko¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰo⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kuŏ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuo⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khe
    • Tâi-lô: khe
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qef
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰe⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kher
    • Tâi-lô: kher
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰə³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kho
    • Tâi-lô: kho
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoy
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɤ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰo³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kʰo⁴⁴/

Note:

• khe/kher - vernacular (rare in Taiwan, not used in Zhangzhou);
• kho - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: kuê¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khue
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰue³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹khu
    • MiniDict: khu^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹khu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰu⁵³/

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• Middle Chinese: khwa

Rime
Character	科
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦禾切
Baxter	khwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwa/
Li Rong	/kʰuɑ/
Wang Li	/kʰuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuō
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fo1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːl/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	科
Reading #	1/2
No.	4926
Phonetic component	禾
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	科
Old Chinese	/*kʰoːl/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 科

1. sort; class; kind
2. law; regulation
3. (historical) imperial examination
4. article; clause
5. norms; rules
6. division; branch (of study) (Classifier: 個／个)
7. section; department
8. (taxonomy) family
9. to pass a sentence
10. to check; to examine
11. to punish; to fine or levy taxes

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kè (ke⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kè
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kè
    • Wade–Giles: kʻo⁴
    • Yale: kè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keh
    • Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵¹/

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• Middle Chinese: khwaH

Rime
Character	科
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	苦卧切
Baxter	khwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuɑH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuɑH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuɑH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwaH/
Li Rong	/kʰuɑH/
Wang Li	/kʰuɑH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuɑH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kuò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fo3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰoːls/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	科
Reading #	2/2
No.	4930
Phonetic component	禾
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kʰoːls/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 科

1. ^† to grow; to tiller

Compounds

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

科

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

1. grade
2. categorized classes or the text of law
3. graded crimes
4. examinations graded in classes
5. divide taxes or crimes
6. a (circular) hole

Readings

• Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: しな (shina, 科); とが (toga, 科)
• Nanori: しな (shina)

Compounds

• 科学
• 科挙
• 科斗
• 科白

• 科名
• 科目
• 科料
• 医科

• 学科
• 法科
• 分科
• 文科

• 理科
• 薬科

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
科
か Grade: 2
on'yomi

Suffix

科(か) or 科(suffix) • (ka or suffix) ^{←くわ (kwa)?}[[Category:Japanese
|か]]

1. department, section
2. (taxonomy) family

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
科
とが Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Noun

科(とが) • (toga) 

1. crime; wrongdoing
   • 1916, 森(もり)鷗(おう)外(がい) (Mori Ōgai) [Mori Ōgai], translated by Takumi Kashima and Loretta Lorenz, 高(たか)瀬(せ)舟(ぶね) (Takase-bune) [The Boat on the Takase River]‎^[1]:

     高(たか)瀬(せ)舟(ぶね)に乗(の)る罪(ざい)人(にん)の過(か)半(はん)は、いわゆる心(こころ)得(え)違(ちが)いのために、思(おも)わぬ科(とが)を犯(おか)した人(ひと)であった。

     Takasebune ni noru zainin no kahan wa, iwayuru kokoroechigai no tame ni, omowanu toga o okashita hito deatta.

     Over half of the prisoners on the boat were people who had been convicted for what we might call human mistakes, people who had unwittingly committed some serious offense.

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Korean

Hanja

科 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

• 科料

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 科 (khoa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.