自由
Chinese
from; self; oneself from; self; oneself; since |
follow; from; it is for...to follow; from; it is for...to; reason; cause; because of; due to; by; to; to leave it (to sb) | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (自由) |
自 | 由 |
Etymology
Attestable from at least the Han dynasty; in modern Chinese, widespread use as wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 自由 (jiyū, “freedom, liberty”).
Pronunciation
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Adjective
(deprecated template usage) 自由
Adverb
Noun
(deprecated template usage) 自由
- freedom; liberty
- (philosophy) freedom
Antonyms
- (philosophy: freedom): 必然 (bìrán)
Derived terms
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Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
じ Grade: 2 |
ゆう Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
/d͡ʑiːu/ → /d͡ʑijuː/
Apparently first imported from Middle Chinese 自由 (MC dzijH yuw) with an original meaning of roughly “arising from oneself”. Repurposed in the 1860s by Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translation of English freedom or liberty, as an extension of the original meaning: “freedom to act according to one's own thoughts, without restriction”.[1][2]
Pronunciation
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Adjective
自由 • (jiyū) ←じいう (ziiu)?-na (adnominal 自由な (jiyū na), adverbial 自由に (jiyū ni))
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 自由だろ | じゆうだろ | jiyū daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
Terminal (終止形) | 自由だ | じゆうだ | jiyū da |
Attributive (連体形) | 自由な | じゆうな | jiyū na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 自由なら | じゆうなら | jiyū nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 自由であれ | じゆうであれ | jiyū de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 自由ではない 自由じゃない |
じゆうではない じゆうじゃない |
jiyū de wa nai jiyū ja nai |
Informal past | 自由だった | じゆうだった | jiyū datta |
Informal negative past | 自由ではなかった 自由じゃなかった |
じゆうではなかった じゆうじゃなかった |
jiyū de wa nakatta jiyū ja nakatta |
Formal | 自由です | じゆうです | jiyū desu |
Formal negative | 自由ではありません 自由じゃありません |
じゆうではありません じゆうじゃありません |
jiyū de wa arimasen jiyū ja arimasen |
Formal past | 自由でした | じゆうでした | jiyū deshita |
Formal negative past | 自由ではありませんでした 自由じゃありませんでした |
じゆうではありませんでした じゆうじゃありませんでした |
jiyū de wa arimasen deshita jiyū ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 自由で | じゆうで | jiyū de |
Conditional | 自由なら(ば) | じゆうなら(ば) | jiyū nara (ba) |
Provisional | 自由だったら | じゆうだったら | jiyū dattara |
Volitional | 自由だろう | じゆうだろう | jiyū darō |
Adverbial | 自由に | じゆうに | jiyū ni |
Degree | 自由さ | じゆうさ | jiyūsa |
Noun
- freedom, liberty
- 自由のために戦う。
- Jiyū no tame ni tatakau.
- We will fight for freedom.
- 2002 July 18, “弾圧される民 [Oppressed People]”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
- いつの日か自由を手にする事ができると信じて日々の生活に耐えている。
- Itsu no hi ka jiyū o te ni suru koto ga dekiru to shinjite hibi no seikatsu ni taeteiru.
- They endure every day of their lives, but they believe that they will have their freedom one day.
- いつの日か自由を手にする事ができると信じて日々の生活に耐えている。
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- 2016 January 22, “チャンドラの誓い [Oath of Chandra]”, in ゲートウォッチの誓い [Oath of the Gatewatch], Wizards of the Coast:
- それで人々が自由に生きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
- Sore de hitobito ga jiyū ni ikirareru no nara, sō ne, Gētowotchi ni naru wa.
- If it means that people can live in freedom, yeah, I’ll be one of the Gatewatch.
- それで人々が自由に生きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
- 自由のために戦う。
- (rare) demand (for goods or services)
- (euphemistic) a toilet, a restroom
Derived terms
- 自由度 (jiyūdo): flexibility, degree of freedom
Descendants
References
- ^ 1866: 西洋事情 (Seiyō Jijō, “Things Western”), Fukuzawa Yukichi, digital version (in Japanese), http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3
- ^ 2004: 「明治の日本が作り出した新しい言語」 (Meiji no Nihon ga Tsukuridashita Atarashii Gengo, “The New Language Created by Meiji Japan”), Takeshi Ozeki (in Japanese), http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8702/1/hogaku0030301790.pdf, page 11 of the PDF.
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
- Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Kitahara, Yasuo, editor (2002), 明鏡国語辞典 [Meikyō Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
Noun
Kunigami
Noun
自由 (ziyū) (hiragana ぢゆー)
Okinawan
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
じ Grade: 2 |
ゆー Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
Borrowed from Japanese 自由 (jiyū).
Pronunciation
Noun
自由 or 自由 (jiyū or jiyu)
References
- “ジユー” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).
Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
自 | 由 |
Noun
自由
Zhuang
Noun
自由
- Chinese terms borrowed from Japanese
- Chinese orthographic borrowings from Japanese
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- Wasei kango
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