-е

Belarusian

Alternative forms

• -ё (-jo)
• -а (-a) — after ш, ч, ж
• -'е (-ʺje) — after р
• -ie, -je, -a — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic -ие (-ije), from Proto-Slavic *-ьje. Compare Polish -ie, -e, Russian -ье (-ʹje), -ие (-ije), -ьё (-ʹjó), Ukrainian -я (-ja), -а (-a).

Pronunciation

• (after ' or ў) IPA^(key): [je]
• (after ш, ч, ж) -а: IPA^(key): [a]
• (after other consonants) IPA^(key): [ʲe]

Suffix

-е • (-je)

1. Abstract noun suffix; forms part of larger suffixes such as -э́нне (-énnje) or -а́нне (-ánnje), and exists on its own especially as a suffix added to compound words.

   ‎без- (bjez-, “without”) + ‎люд (ljud, “people”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎бязлю́ддзе (bjazljúddzje, “absence of people”)

   ‎но́вы (nóvy, “new”) + ‎-а- (-a-) + ‎сялі́ць (sjalícʹ, “to settle”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎навасе́лле (navasjéllje, “housewarming”)

   ‎над- (nad-, “above”) + ‎хма́ра (xmára, “cloud”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎надхма́р'е (nadxmárʺje, “area above the clouds; (poetic) skies, heavens”)

   ‎па- (pa-, “across, along”) + ‎грані́ца (hraníca, “border”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎паграні́чча (pahraníčča, “region along the border”)

   ‎за- (za-) + ‎ці́хі (cíxi, “quiet, still”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎заці́шша (zacíšša, “lull, calm”)

   ‎без- (bjez-, “without”) + ‎даро́га (daróha, “path”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎бездаро́жжа (bjezdaróžža, “impassibility”)

2. Suffix used to create names of locations in conjunction with prefixes.

   ‎за- (za-) + ‎Каўка́з (Kawkáz, “Caucasus”) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎Закаўка́ззе (Zakawkázzje, “Transcaucasia”)

   ‎пры- (pry-) + ‎Днестр (Dnjestr, “Dniester”) + ‎-о́вы (-óvy) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎Прыднястро́ўе (Prydnjastrówje, “Transnistria”)

Usage notes

• When appended onto a stem ending in a labial consonant, the suffix becomes -'е (-ʺje), as in сухазем'е (suxazjemʺje). Exception: stems ending in в, where в becomes ў instead, e.g. пры- (pry-) + сло́ва (slóva) + -е (-je) → прысло́ўе (pryslówje) rather than *прысло́в'е (*pryslóvʺje).
• When appended onto a stem ending in a velar consonant, the Slavic first palatalization applies, its result is geminated, and the suffix becomes -а (-a), e.g. без- (bjez-) + даро́га (daróha) + -е (-je) → бездаро́жжа (bjezdaróžža).
• When appended onto a stem ending in р, the suffix generally becomes -'е (-ʺje), as in надхма́р'е (nadxmárʺje), although -а (-a) is also possible; see паве́тра (pavjétra).
• Otherwise, when appended onto a stem ending in a single palatalizable consonant, that consonant is usually geminated and reflected as such in spelling.
• Syllable stress is usually drawn onto the syllable before the suffix.

Derived terms

Belarusian terms suffixed with -е

адкрыццё

асяроддзе

багаслоўе

багацце

бязлюддзе

вяселле

двукроп'е

дзесяцігоддзе

жыццё

забыццё

запясце

здароўе

надвор'е

Палессе

проціяддзе

прыслоўе

смецце

сухазем'е

тысячагоддзе

Belarusian terms suffixed with -ё

галлё

лісцё

развіццё

Chuvash

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. Variant of -а (-a) after front vowels

Kazakh

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. Form of -й (-i) in soft words and after a consonant.
2. Form of -ге (-ge) in soft words and after 1st and 2nd possessive endings -ім (-ım) and -ің (-ıñ).

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛ]

Suffix

-е • (-e) n

1. Appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually to form a diminutive or as an expression of endearment.

   ‎прст m (prst) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎прсте n (prste)

   ‎еж m (ež) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎еже n (eže)

   ‎нос m (nos) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎носе n (nose)

   ‎кукла f (kukla) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎кукле n (kukle)

   ‎мома f (moma) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎моме n (mome)

   ‎книга f (kniga) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎книже n (kniže)

Derived terms

Macedonian terms suffixed with -е

беже

бицикле

бовче

ветре

гајбе

гајде

даде

еже

книже

крофне

кукле

носе

пеперуже

петле

прсте

снеже

стебле

столе

стомне

сукале

Mongolian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjɵ/
• Syllabification: е (1 syllable)

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. front vowel harmonic form of -я (-ja)

Old Novgorodian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъ (dialectal *-ə), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. Cognate with Old East Slavic -ъ (-ŭ), Old Ruthenian -ъ, Old Church Slavonic -ъ (-ŭ).

Suffix

-е • (-je) m

1. masculine hard ending of o-stems nouns

Declension

Declension of -е (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	-е -je	-а -a	-и, -ѣ -i, -jě
genitive	-а -a	-оу -u	-ъ -ŭ
dative	-оу -u	-ома -oma	-омъ -omŭ
accusative	-ъ -ŭ	-а -a	-ѣ -jě
instrumental	-ъмь -ŭmĭ	-ома -oma	-ꙑ -y
locative	-ѣ -jě	-оу -u	-ѣхъ -jěxŭ
vocative	-е -je	-а -a	-ѣ -jě

Derived terms

Old Novgorodian terms suffixed with -е (noun)

Жиꙁнобѫде

Стръѥнѣге

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъ, definite form *-ъjь (dialectal *-ə, definite form *-əjь). Cognate with Old East Slavic -ъ (-ŭ), Old Ruthenian -ъ, Old Church Slavonic -ъ (-ŭ), definite form Old East Slavic -ꙑи (-yi), Old Ruthenian -ый (-yj), Russian -ый (-yj), -о́й (-ój), Old Church Slavonic -ꙑи (-yi), Old Polish -y, Old Czech -ý.

Suffix

-е • (-je)

1. masculine nominative singular adjective ending

   ‎каꙗн- (kajan-) + ‎-е (-je) → ‎каꙗне (kajane)

Declension

Short declension of -е (hard o/a stem)

	singular			dual			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative	-е -je	-о -o	-а -a	-а -a	-ѣ -jě		-и -i	-а -a	-ѣ -jě
genitive	-а -a		-ѣ -jě	-оу -u			-ъ -ŭ
dative	-оу -u		-ѣ -jě	-ома -oma		-ама -ama	-омъ -omŭ		-амъ -amŭ
accusative	-ъ -ŭ	-о -o	-ѫ -ǫ	-а -a	-ѣ -jě		-ѣ -jě	-а -a	-ѣ -jě
instrumental	-омь -omĭ		-оѭ -ojǫ	-ома -oma		-ама -ama	-ꙑ -y		-ами -ami
locative	-ѣ -jě		-ѣ -jě	-оу -u			-ѣхъ -jěxŭ		-ахъ -axŭ
vocative	-е -je	-о -o	-а -a	-а -a	-ѣ -jě		-и -i	-а -a	-ѣ -jě

Long declension of -е (hard o/a stem)

	singular			dual			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine	masculine	neuter	feminine
nominative	-еи -jei	-оѥ -oje	-аꙗ -aja	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣи -jěi		-ии -ii	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣѣ -jějě
genitive	-аго -ago		-ѣѣ -jějě	-оую -uju			-ꙑхъ -yxŭ
dative	-оумоу -umu		-ѣи -jěi	-ꙑма -yma		-ꙑма -yma	-ꙑмъ -ymŭ		-ꙑмъ -ymŭ
accusative	-ъи, -ꙑи -ŷi, -yi	-оѥ -oje	-ѫѭ -ǫjǫ	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣи -jěi		-ѣѣ -jějě	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣѣ -jějě
instrumental	-ꙑмь -ymĭ		-оѭ -ojǫ	-ꙑма -yma		-ꙑма -yma	-ꙑми -ymi		-ꙑми -ymi
locative	-ѣмь -jěmĭ		-ѣи -jěi	-оую -uju			-ꙑхъ -yxŭ		-ꙑхъ -yxŭ
vocative	-еи -jei	-оѥ -oje	-аꙗ -aja	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣи -jěi		-ии -ii	-аꙗ -aja	-ѣѣ -jějě

Derived terms

Old Novgorodian terms suffixed with -е (adjective)

каꙗне

Russian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ʲe]

Etymology 1

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. alternative form of -о (-o): Suffix added to adjectives to produce adverbs; highly productive; used in place of -о (-o) after palatal consonants, hushing consonants (ч ш щ ж) and ц

   ‎злове́щий (zlovéščij, “ominous”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎злове́ще (zlovéšče, “ominously”)

   ‎неуклю́жий (neukljúžij, “clumsy, awkward”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎неуклю́же (neukljúže, “clumsily, awkwardly”)

   ‎изли́шний (izlíšnij, “excessive”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎изли́шне (izlíšne, “excessively”)

   ‎кра́йний (krájnij, “extreme, utmost”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎кра́йне (krájne, “extremely, very, too”)

   ‎вне́шний (vnéšnij, “outward, outer”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎вне́шне (vnéšne, “outwardly, externally, outside, outdoors”)

   ‎дю́жий (djúžij, “hefty; very strong (low colloquial)”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎дю́же (djúže, “very (colloquial, dialectal)”)

Usage notes

• This ending is always unstressed. In circumstances where it would be stressed, -о (-o) replaces it. Compare хорошо́ (xorošó, “well”) from хоро́ший (xoróšij, “good”), давно́ (davnó, “long ago”) from да́вний (dávnij, “old, ancient, bygone”), etc.

Derived terms

Russian terms suffixed with -е

блестяще

внешне

внутренне

всесторонне

вызывающе

дюже

зловеще

излишне

искренне

крайне

неискренне

неуклюже

покорнейше

понимающе

похоже

средне

сумасшедше

торжествующе

угрожающе

умоляюще

чувствительнейше

Etymology 2

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. Used to form comparatives from adjectives and adverbs ending in a velar, i.e. х г к.

   ‎ти́хий (tíxij, “quiet”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎ти́ше (tíše, “quieter”)

   ‎ти́хо (tíxo, “quietly”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎ти́ше (tíše, “more quietly”)

Usage notes

• This ending is always unstressed, and palatalizes the final velar of the stem.
• The endings -ее (-eje) or -е́е (-éje) are used when the stem does not end in a velar.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix

-е (Latin spelling -e)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.

Declension

Nouns denoting inanimate objects

	singular	plural
nominative	-е	-ета
genitive	-та	-ета̄
dative	-ету	-етима
accusative	-е	-ета
vocative	-е	-ета
locative	-ету	-етима
instrumental	-етом	-етима

Nouns denoting animate objects

	singular	plural
nominative	-е	-ад
genitive	-та	-ади
dative	-ету	-ади
accusative	-е	-ад
vocative	-е	-ади
locative	-ету	-ади
instrumental	-етом	-ађу / -ади

Derived terms

• ждрије̑бе, ждре̑бе
• ја̏гње
• ја́је
• кљу̑се
• пи̏ле
• пу̏це
• тѐле
• ту̀це

Etymology 2

Suffix

-е (Latin spelling -e)

1. Suffix appended to the truncated stem (up to the second syllable) of a proper name to create a masculine or feminine hypocoristic.

   ‎Катари́на + ‎-е → ‎Ка́те

   ‎Ма̀рија + ‎-е → ‎Ма́ре

   ‎Ју̏ра̄ј + ‎-е → ‎Ју́ре

   ‎Ма̀тија + ‎-е → ‎Ма́те

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-e, from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Suffix

-е (Latin spelling -e)

1. Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.

   ‎ву̑к + ‎-е → ‎ву̑че (vocative singular)

See also

• -анце
• -ашце
• -ешце
• -је
• -це

Ukrainian

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *-e

Ukrainian -е

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-e. Derived from Proto-Indo-European *-e, not a desinence per se but a thematic vowel in e-grade.

Suffix

-е • (-e) m or n

1. Suffix appended to the nominal stem to create vocative singular. Used for masculine and neuter a-stems.

   ‎Дмитро (Dmytro) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎Дмитре (Dmytre, vocative singular)

Declension

(for nominalized adjectival nouns)

Declension of -е́
(inan adj neut accent-b)

	singular	plural
nominative	-е́ -é	-і́ -í
genitive	-о́го -óho	-и́х -ýx
dative	-о́му -ómu	-и́м -ým
accusative	-е́ -é	-і́ -í
instrumental	-и́м -ým	-и́ми -ýmy
locative	-о́му, -і́м -ómu, -ím	-и́х -ýx
vocative	-е́ -é	-і́ -í

Etymology 2

From -о (-o)

Suffix

-е • (-e)

1. alternative form of -о (-o): Suffix added to adjectives to produce adverbs; used in place of -о (-o) after palatal consonants, hushing consonants (ч ш щ ж) and ц

   ‎дужий (dužyj, “powerful”) + ‎-е (-e) → ‎дуже (duže, “very, much”)

Derived terms

Ukrainian terms suffixed with -е

байдуже

блискуче

Вахрушеве

Верхівцеве

вище

власне

вороже

Дерев'яне

Дмитре

Дніпропетрівське

добряче

дуже

Єнакієве

земноводне

зменшуване

Золоте

инакше

інакше

краще

лише

Мошорине

напризволяще

негоже

неохоче

нетерпляче

охоче

Петре

похідне

Рівне

Соловйове

Старе

Тальне

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-е • (-e) (variant -є, plural -і)

1. nominative/accusative/vocative singular neuter of -ий (-yj)

Suffix

-е • (-e) f

1. vocative singular of -ь (-ʹ)

Suffix

-е • (-e) m or f

1. vocative singular of -я́ (-já) and -а (-a)
2. _non-ar/-j vocative singular of -∅
3. _-ar-stem vocative singular of -∅