Appendix:Proto-Amerind reconstructions

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The Proto-Amerind reconstructions below are from Greenberg & Ruhlen (2007).[1]

The reconstructions are provided for historical reference, since Amerind is generally not considered to be a valid macrofamily by most linguists.

Greenberg & Ruhlen (2007)

[edit]
English gloss Proto-Amerind
above *itai; *apa-k; *araka; *q’aɬ; *pin
adjectival/participial formant *ki
agave *mal
agentive *-re ~ *-ri; *ta
agouti *kuri
all *q’ac
allative *-k
along(side) *no
already *na
angry *ili
ant *tai; *cakon; *pic’u; *kaci; *tapu; *bohu
anteater *bìgo
anus *kuti
appear *laq’w
arm *poq; *kwana; *noq’ ~ *neq’; *kwala
armadillo *pema
arrive *wila
arrow *m˜a
ashes *pok ~ *pul
ask *maca; *tempa
aunt *pan
axe *supa
back *iki; *mak; *puna
bad *kalen; *čaka; *q’ac
bark (v.) *wok
bathe *puk
be *upi; *(a)t’a; *ʔi; *ka
bear (v.) *ʔa
beard *p’oti; *tuk
bee *pana; *mumu
behind *(a)pi; *ini
belly *kate; *pali ~ *pani; *mat; *to; *si
bend/knee/elbow/bow (n.) *poq’-os ~ *c’e-puq’
big *pala
bird *c’ik(c’ik) ~ *c’uk(c’uk); *p’išk’u
bite *kua; *tak
bitter *pe(s)q’ ~ *p’o(s)q’; *cah; *kai
black *pol; *k’ara; *t’uki; *teteu; *tuni ~ *tuli
blood *pile; *menu; *ʔita; *pe; *kwa
blow (v.) *puci ~ *puku
blue/green *sikwa
body *p’i; *ime
body part suffix -an
boil (v.) *tloqw
bone *pak; *t’ui; *cak; *p’i; *χaq; *ʔunku
bow/arrow *ɬoq’w
break (v.) *k’at’i
breast *k’amin; *niono; *pin; *tu
breathe *hiqw
bring *tuk
broad *patl’
burn *t’eq’a ~ *t’oq’a; *pek’ ~ *pok’; *ka ~ *ko; *moɬok
butterfly *palpal; *penpen; *sape ~ *sapipe ~ *sasipe; *liklik
buy *teu
buzzard *hus ~ *huš ~ *ʔus ~ *ʔuš; *wačuli ~ *wayuri
call *wanik; *pai
capybara *keču
carry *apa; *ko(n); *nek
causative *-(a)t(u); *ma; *cV ~ *Vc
cedar *caq’u
cheek *pok
chest *t’ik ~ *t’uk
chew *qac
chicken *cik
child *(a)nu; *mako; *pan; *ʔali; *tluk; *pam; *man; *k’ati
chin *yuh
chipmunk *wasila
chop *qak
close (v.) *q’apa; *kui; *pan
cloud *tal(u); *pa(n)k; *pot
clover *pot
cold *canik; *t’ak’; *kaca; *to; *kui; *cia
come *nani; *ta; *tak; *hau; *pi
cook *maki; *q’waɬ ~ *q’wal; *koko
copulate *huca
corn *cikcik
count *oši
cover (v.) *tek’u; *sape
crow/raven *q’aq’(aq)
cry (v.) *wuni; *ʔipu
cut *q’wat; *cikw; *t’an; *q’ec ~ *q’ac; *t’ek
dance *taluk
dark *t’umak
day *q’wai
deer *sula; *taʔ; *mana
desiderative *-he
die *maki; *tumpa; *t’iq’; *kam; *yak; *nek; *wanu
dig *(o)kua; *tik; *(w)ali
diminutive *-ihsa; *-mai
dirty *c’i
do *ʔaχ
dog *(a)kuan; *kucu; *c’iʔ ~ *c’uʔ; *ari; *dia; *nuq; *puku; *waš
dove *kowi
dry *ana; *caqi
dual *si
duck *q’atq’at
durative *la
durative/punctual *-a/*-i
dust *pur; *pe
dwell *ʔu
eagle *ʔasa
ear *kamon; *kana; *pa(n); *naka; *tine; *tiki; *ali; *isa; *mal; *ka
earth *ila; *tampi; *ama(k) ~ *ama(t); *nan(u); *pata; *kake; *pile
eat *pa ~ *pe; *k’uli ~ *k’uri; *(h)ama; *k’ama
egg *na; *tompa; *paki; *c’ikw
elbow *q’ucu; *kuk
elder *ʔa; *-ko
excrement *pa; *(i)ta(h)
eye *(i)to(ʔ); *tene ~ *tele; *k’an; *tuki ~ *tuku; *q’waɬ; *kap; *kad; *asa ~ *aša; *ere; *nak; *hin; *yan; *oi
fall *tik
fan *helu
far *pali; *ya
fat *kui; *wila
fear *kul; *pak
feather *p’atl; *pi
female *-win; *iš
fill (up) *tumpa
finger *tik; *k’o
fingernail *cikil
finish *hawyi
fire *(ʔ)oti; *kuti ~ *kuči; *ma; *ʔisu; *ʔaha; *paye; *c’ik; *guka; *pet; *sila(k); *yak
fire/burn *apali
fish *kwama; *q’ac’; *(n)amakw; *waki; *ʔici; *k’al ~ *kal; *yapa
flat *t’a
flea *mak’in ~ *makin; *p’ak’i; *k’wit’
flower *tuktuk; *p’aq’
fly (v.) *ta; *yaka
fly (n.) *k’ampa; *mulu ~ *puru
foot *po ~ *pa ~ *pe; *asiʔ
forehead *pe; *koa
four *maka
fox *ʔaw; *pura
frog *kwaq’at; *busi; *t’en; *wara; *buru; *xana
fruit *teka
full *pak; *pan ~ *p’ir; *t’am; *winik
future *-ta
gather *yokw
give *cils; *yak; *ʔukw
go *min ~ *man; *tem; *yak ~ *yaʔ; *q’oy; *ʔaka; *wan; *poro; *out caq
good *ici; *c’ump(a); *malin; *k’anik ~ *k’ulik; *poy; *ʔayu; *tač’a; *k’apa; *meca; *keme; *q’waʔ
goose *laq’laq’
gourd *puru
grandfather *pica; *ikan
grass *pu; *qaca
grease (n.) *ʔisa
green *kuli ~ *kuri
guts *epoku; *kul
hair *cum; *toni
hair/feather *ali
hammock *buh
hand *ʔani; *atu; *(w-)ʔiš ~ *(w-)ʔasi; *kuc ~ *kic; *tana ~ *teni; *pito; *saka; *q’ap ~ *qap; *ʔaqa; *tap; *hento; *m’apa; *pel
hand/give/measure *ma-n ~ *ma-k ~ *ma-r
hard *kwele
hate *pul
hawk *sokal
hawk (sparrow) *liq’liq’
he/she *ʔi ~ *iʔ; *ti ~ *ta
head *puta; *t’aq; *sako
heart *cuk’u
heron *wara
heaven *ema
hill *ton
hit *tiq’w; *tok; *pak; *maq’a
hole *c’imak; *mu; *tolo
horn *kwan
hortative *pa ~ *pe ~ *pi
hot *k’ec ~ *k’ac
house *toh; *ka
husband *ino
I *na(ʔ); *ʔi; *pi ~ *pa; *ka ~ *ki; *ta; *ma
imperative *ʔi
...-in-law *-kwa
interrogative *ta; *ki ~ *ka ~ *ku; *min ~ *men ~ *man; *xa; *na; *pi; *wa; *sin
iterative *-te
jaguar *huko; *yak
kill *pa ~ *pi
knee *kati; *moko
knife *pika
know *kom; *yok; *kwak; *ma(k) ~ *ma(n); *naka; *rik; *t’akw
large *ta(k); *mek’at’i; *po; *mo…n
laugh *kal(i); *ʔaci
lazy *hilak
leaf *ere; *pane; *imi
left (hand) *q(w)ec’
leg *ta(k); *caka
lick *laq’w
lie down *yaqw
lightning *wilep’
lip *yepi
live (v.) *ha(n); *ya
liver *paci; *kala
lizard *uli; *šiko
locative *-(a)m(a); *-na- ~ *-ni; *pa ~ *pe ~ *pi
locative/instrumental *-te ~ *-ta ~ *-ti
long *ali; *kule
lose *wono
louse *ti; *tina; *ik’wa
lungs *pos; *huhu
macaw *maha
make *taʔ; *yu; *kua
man *ači; *kak; *ipa; *tama; *loko; *koto; *mano
many *ali; *til ~ *tan; *moni; *pu; *pote ~ *peti; *lok’
masculine/feminine *t/*s
masculine/feminine/neutral *i/*u/*a
meat *lau; *nena; *mati; *ati; *wak’i; *tin; *nak
medicine *t’oyo
moon *p’ot; *tamp; *nunta; *q’ala
monkey *kuki; *cawi
morning *qaya
mosquito *puro; *č’oyu
mother *tati
mother/aunt *nana
mother/older female relative *aya
mountain *way
mouse *kus; *maqa; *p’osa; *c’ok; *pik
mouth *yaq’; *kua; *kala; *čik
name (v.) *dlaq; *ya
narrow *cian
navel *tompa
near *kama
neck *k’u; *aru; *gwaka; *pak
negative *kua
new *at’e; *c’um; *peɬa
night *yama; *mok; *pasi ~ *sepi; *kači
nominal suffix *-na
nose *nus ~ *nis; *asi; *ɬin; *sunik ~ *sinik; *yak
now *ere; *ne
old *ano; *kayo
older female *wis
one *(ne-)k’we(t); *tama; *kela ~ *kana; *sem; *saka; *pa; *as; *če˜ne; *hu; *man; *owin
open *k’une; *pai
otter *keta
owl *tuku(l); *pulpul
pain *(n)ana
parrot *cece; *kara ~ *keri; *kaka; *tuwi
past *-na; *-ite; *-k
peel *tl’uq’w; *pas
penis *ko
people *ʔoni
person *kaya; *mikw; *win
pitch (resin) *salak ~ *sakal
plant *qaywa
play (v.) *loʔu
plural *ina ~ *ana; *ma ~ *me; *aki; *le
potato *qaw; *kali
present/continuative *-is
present/durative *-i
quail *takaka
rat *kaba
raw *čaw
reciprocal *-ki ~ *-ka
red *misk
reed *ʔakta
reflexive *ti
rib *q’aci; *ca
right *pet
river *pala; *tia
road *nama; *p’en; *niyani
rock *ʔo; *tem
root *pal; *tap
rope *c’ak; *tit
rotton *pet’o
rough *č’aksi
round *k’ir; *molok
rub *yul
run *kano; *taka
saliva *tupa; *tokw; *ole
salmon *c’wan
salt *k’ači; *si; *tam
sand *yeʔwa
say *ti; *qwaɬ; *koʔe; *ʔai; *ʔona; *nik
scratch *χwala; *c’iχ
see *new; *win; *pi; *ma ~ *mi ~ *mu; *ʔica; *ʔuka; *ila; *wat
seed *mak; *icu
seek *peno
sew *pik; *k’wači
shadow *mani
she *i-gau
shell (v.) *ʔiksu
shine *lemp
shoot *t’uya
shoulder *tala; *peko
sibling *kani
side *čan
sing *siya
sit *ču; *ni; *ʔuwa; *t’aq; *iku
skin *toke; *pakti; *čom; *k’wati; *pai; *pici; *pol
skunk *šika
sky *hewlak; *ʔapal
slap *tlaq; *lapa
sleep *cima; *ʔitaw ~ *it’aw; *ʔino; *kanak; *ka ~ *k’o
small *t’uk ~ *tik; *kunek; *k’uti
smell *matik’; *k’ukwi
smoke *c’eka
snake *kan; *tampa; *aq’wi; *kamuc; *nato; *pan; *iyala; *mete; *wek; *olaba; *oro; *pusu; *k’aʔ; *yupi
sneeze *ʔasu-ka
snot *caʔm
snow *yu; *pon
sociative *mane
son/child/daughter *t’ina/*t’ana/*t’una
sour *caqw
speak *weh
spider *ʔako; *madi; *q’al
spring (season) *t’ica; *tem
spruce *c’im
squash (n.) *q’ame
squeeze *pic’ ~ *p’ic
stab *c’aqw
stand *tep; *nuka; *up taʔ
star *(a)sin; *meca
stay (in a place) *man
steal *mera; *k’wawa
stick (in) *ɬaqw
stomach *to; *wak
stone *k’atla; *cak; *tak; *got; *k’wak’w; *mak; *pake
string *nu
strong *pale
suck *c’uqw
sun *ali ~ *ala; *kwal; *pali; *t’ak’w; *c’ul; *kati; *hasi; *maka; *pan; *p’it ~ *put’; *hini; *kamo; *tin; *hada; *haya; *pe; *naqw; *pak
swallow (v.) *maliq’a
sweep *pit
swell *pos
tail *k’wati; *tuk; *baɬ; *ʔala; *sin; *sikal
talk *mal
tapir *maci; *awa; *kutu; *kema; *nake
testicle *talo
that *mo; *pa; *ya; *ʔa ~ *ha; *sa
there *ʔai
thick *q’wic
thigh *kasi
think *ali
this *ki ~ *ko; *ni ~ *na; *wi; *fei; *ga
thorn *k’ica ~ *kasi
thou *mi ~ *ma; *a; *ka; *ti; *hi; *pi ~ *pa ~ *wa
thread (v.) *kuyo
three *(ne-)qwaɬas; *sapin
throat *nuk’
throw *aka; *t’amp ~ *tamp
tie (v.) *tak’
tobacco *hici
tongue *kapi; *nene; *paɬ; *lat; *tukw; *nem
tooth *it’io; *nan; *kan; *kita; *ʔik; *yok’
toucan *cuk
tree *man ~ *min; *qan ~ *qal; *temba; *hapa; *neki; *ʔaxa; *hama; *ɬok’ ~ *ɬoq’; *kul
tree (oak) *teq’ ~ *taq’; *k’win
tremble *tukw
turkey *kutu
turn *maya
turtle *hola; *kuli
two *(ne-)pale; *ʔaku; *wi ~ *wa; *tuk; *pit; *mok; *men; *kom; *pok; *sak; *take; *tap; *yama
uncle *kaka
uncle (maternal) *taq; *nakwe
uncle (paternal) *maq
up *yaq; *k’ìs
urine *seki; *wisi
vagina *put; *ʔaci
vulva *naq’w; *ʔene
walk *hiwet
want *k’un
warm *yo; *cuqal
wash *c’ik’wa; *huka
water/drink *aq’wa/*uq’wa
water *man; *poi; *re; *si; *kwati; *p’ak; *na; *ʔali; *pan; *tuna; *c’i; *kam ~ *kom; *to ~ *do; *kona; *xi; *hobi
we inclusive *ʔis ~ *seʔ; *ma
we-two inclusive *ki ~ *ka
west *bo
white *pala; *pek; *tora; *posa
wide *ʔaɬaq
wildcat *tunku
win *tl’akw
wind (n.) *kiq; *kwala; *ʔitewa; *ʔaši; *suk’w
wing *kampi
winter *tete
wish (v.) *mena; *yana
with *ma
wolf *tepa
woman *tom; *kuna; *sun; *ita
wood *iye; *ake
woodpecker *bak
work (v.) *pi; *nina
worm *kwec; *nokin; *piru
year *ʔame; *wata
yellow *tampa; *ci
yes *ʔehe
yesterday *kan; *weɬ
younger brother/older brother *p’oy/*p’oyp’oy

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Greenberg, Joseph H.; Ruhlen, Merritt (2007). An Amerind Etymological Dictionary. Department of Anthropology, Stanford University.
Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní