Appendix:Proto-Chibchan reconstructions

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Proto-Chibchan reconstructions:

Pache (2018) is the most recent reconstruction of Proto-Chibchan.[1] Other reconstructions include those of Constenla (1981) and Holt (1986).[2]

Constenla (1981)

[edit]

Proto-Chibchan reconstructions by Constenla (1981):[3]

gloss Proto-Chibchan
arm, hand, shoulder *ˈkuíkI, *ˈkuí-
ashes *bur-, *buˈrṹ
at, in *skA; *ki; *sə
at, in, towards *ka
big (size or quantity) *təˈĩ
bird *dù
blood *ApÍ
boat, craft *huˈLù
body *AˈpÀ
bone *ˈkàrə
breasts *kAʔ
breast *ˈtsúʔ, *ˈtsúʔtsú
brother *səˈkə
brother-in-law *ˈuba; *ˈduáʔ
butterfly *kuA-, *kuAʔ-
cedar (several trees of the Cedrela genus) *uˈru
ceiba *puLí, *puLíkI
child, young of an animal, egg *əˈrə̀
child, young of an animal *ˈuÁʔ-
cloth *ˈsuá-
cloud *ˈbõ̀, *bo-
cockroach *ˈsóx-
cocoa *kə́ˈhùʔ
come *ˈda-; *ˈdI-
cook *ˈdu-
cotton *suˈhí
cough, catarrh *ˈtóʔ
crocodile *ˈkú-
cultivated field *ˈtÌ
curassow (Crax rubra) *ˈdubÍ
deer *ˈsur, *ˈsurĩ̀
diminutive *-ˈaːrə
dog *ˈto
dove (common ground dove) *ˈÚtu-
dry *diˈsə-
dry season *ˈduá-
eagle, hawk *ˈpṹ
ear *ˈkuhkə́, *ˈkuhkuə́
eat, drink *ˈga-
egg, sprout, suckling *ˈpú
emerald toucanet *dəˈkər̃ə́
enter *ˈdok-
excrement *ˈgã́
eye *úb
face *uˈbə́
father *ˈkáka
feline *dəbə̃́; *kuLÁʔ
find *ˈkũ
finger, hand *ˈkU
firewood, fire, coal, live coal *ˈgÌ
first person prefix *də̃-
fish *ˈuA; *dibÃ̀
five *sAkẽ́
flesh *gAtA
fly *ˈkulu
foot *sAˈkə̃
four *bəhˈke
fruit *ubə́
give birth *ˈgU-
gnat (jején) *buˈr̃ṹʔ
go *ˈdA-
grease *ˈkiə́
grind *ˈuʔ
grindstone, to sharpen *ˈiáʔ
grow, widen *təˈlə-
guan (bird) *ˈkũ̀
hand *AtA; *guLÀ
head, hair *ˈtsã̀
house *ˈhu
how many *ˈbi
hunger *bAˈLi
I *ˈda
jocote (Spondias purpurea), jobo (Spondias mombin) *bəˈrə́ʔ
kill *ˈguə
know, see *sũ
lake *iAˈbÁ
laugh *ˈhaĩ
laurel (Cordia alliodora) *ˈBúʔ
leaf *ˈkə́
leg *kəˈrə
liquid *dí; *ˈli
lizard *ulíʔ
louse *ˈkṹ
maize *ˈIBI
make *gU
mayo (tree) *bèk
monkey: howler monkey *úriʔ
monkey: spider monkey *dõ̀, *do-
monkey: white-faced monkey *hòkI
moon, month *siˈhíʔ
mother-in-law *ˈgAkA
mouse *ˈsuhkÌ
mouth *ˈkahkə
mud *ˈdÚ; *oˈr̃i
name *ˈhaká
nape, neck *duˈkurə
neck *ˈgala
net *kAˈlÁʔ
nose *dəˈIkI
now *ˈBə
old *AˈkÍkI; *tAˈlá
one *ˈé ?
otter *doʔ
paca (Agouti paca) *ˈkuri
peachpalm (Bactris gasipaes, Guilelma utilis) *ˈsúbaʔ
peccary (Tayassu pecari spiradens) *siˈdĩ́ʔ
peel, undress *ˈsu-
person *ApÍ-
place, time, environment, land *ˈká
plant *ˈdi
poró tree, elequeme tree (synonyms) *baˈlò
pot, vessel, jar *ˈũ
pumpkin, squash *Apì
rattle, maraca, colander, gourd cup (= object elaborated from a gourd) *ˈtã́
reed *kəˈru
rotten *ˈdṹ
sand *ˈu; *ˈuBA
say *ˈguA-; *ˈgI
sea *dAgÌ
second person prefix *bi-
see *ˈguəkI
seek *ˈdí
seed, plant *ˈpkua
seize, hold *kaLUh-
seven *ˈkúh-
shark *tAˈLì
shrimp *ˈkUs
sing *ˈtA
six *ˈted
skin, bark *hukə́
sleep *kAp-
small *ˈ¢id
smell, odor *hALÀ
snake *tAkAbÌ
soil, earth, dirt, clay *ˈtÁBA
son *gAbÀ
spider *óhk
squirrel *kudã́
star *bÌ-
stick (a spear), insert, put in *ˈtsã
stone *ˈhákI
sun *dì; *ˈka; *dui
sweet *bəˈlóʔ
tail *ˈduhkI
tapir *dAĩ́ʔ
take *ˈgúʔ
tear *ˈubə́diə
that *ˈhéʔ; *ˈse; *ˈkue; *ˈdiÀ
third person *i-; *A
this *ˈdi-; *ˈhíʔ
three *ˈbai
tobacco *ˈdu, *ˈduə̀
tongue *pkúʔ, *ˈpkuə́
tooth *ˈtu; *aˈkə
toucan sp. *Biˈli
tray (made of wood, used to wash) *kuˈLIʔ
transitive verb marker *Bə-
tree *ˈkàr; *kaˈri
tree, trunk of a tree, wood *ˈkarə́
tuber *ˈtuʔ
turtle *kuÌ; *uˈli
two *ˈbU
uncle *kəˈru
vulva *ˈkÍ
water *ˈdíʔ
we (inclusive) *ˈsẽ́ʔ
weep *ˈbo
what *ˈhi
where *biə
white *buLu
wind *ˈBur-
with *uA; *tÁ
woodpecker *soˈr̃o
woods, firewood *ˈbUʔ
work *hiBA
worm *ˈgĩ́
you (sg.) *ˈbáʔ
yucca *ˈik

Proto-Chibchan horticultural vocabulary (Constenla 2012):[4]

  • *dihke ‘to sow’
  • *te1 ‘cultivated clearing’
  • *ike ‘manioc’
  • *tuʔ ‘tuber, yam’ (Dioscorea spp.; Xanthosoma sagittifolium)
  • *apì ‘pumpkin, squash’
  • *e, *ebe ‘maize’
  • *du, *dua1 ‘tobacco’
  • *tã1 ‘rattles from gourd’
  • *toka ‘gourd cup’

Pache (2018)

[edit]

Proto-Chibchan recontructions by Pache (2018):[1]

gloss Proto-Chibchan
all *ᵐbaⁿd-; *pii-ⁿda
allative/dative *ka
angry *uⁿdu
arm, wing, shoulder *kwik
armadillo *ⁿduʔ
ashes *ᵐbũⁿd(ũ)
aspect, imperfective *-e
aspect, perfective *-o
back *ⁿda(kiⁿd) ~ *ta(kiⁿd); *ᵑga(ⁿda)
bad *ᵑgwahⁿd; *saⁿd(a)
basket, mochila *si
bat *(ⁿdu-)ku(ⁿd)
to bathe, swim *hauᵐb ~ *aᵐbuʔ
to be *ⁿda(i) ~ *ta(i)
beam of light, heat *ᵐbaʔ
beautiful *ⁿdu
bee, honey *La
bee, wasp *ᵐbuⁿd(u)
to begin, start, first *pahⁿd-
belly *ita ~ *iⁿda ~ *iaⁿd
big *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd(i); *ᵐbu-ⁿda
bile, gall, bitter *hakiʔ
bird, dove *ⁿdu(ⁿd)
blood *hapi ~ *apiʔ
to blow, fly *kuʔ
body *apa
bone, strong, hard *kãⁿd-
bone, hard *ⁿdaⁿdi ~ ⁿdaiⁿd- / saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd-
breast, teat *kãʔ; *ʦuʔ
breath, wind *ᵐbuⁿd-
brother *ⁿdaᵐba; *ⁿdaka / *saka
brother-in-law *(ⁿd-)uᵐba
butterfly, hat *kwahkwah
calabash *ⁿdãᵐbã / *sãᵐbã; *taukaʔ
to catch, grasp *ka
cedar *uⁿdu
chicha *ᵐba
chicken *aʦa-kaⁿda
child *ᵑgwaʔ
child, small *ʦu
clay, mud *(taBi-)ⁿda
cloud, fog *ᵐba-
coal, hot coal *kuⁿda
cold, cold substance *ⁿdaᵐba-
cold *ʦãĩh
to come *ⁿda
comitative *ⁿda ~ *ta; *uˈa; *ᵐba
to cook *Li; *ⁿdu
cosmos (sky, day, time, space, earth, place) *kaʔ(k)
creeping animal *ⁿda(ⁿd) / *sa(ⁿd)
to dance *kwi
dark *tuⁿdi ~ *tuiⁿd
dative *ia
diarrhea *ᵑga-ⁿdi(a)
to do, make
dog *tau
dove *ⁿdu-ᵐba(ⁿd)
dry *ⁿdiⁿda / *ⁿdisa; *puⁿd-
dust *kaʔ(k)-puⁿd-
earth, floor, mud *taB(a)
to eat *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd
egg, offspring *La
eight *hap-
to enter *ⁿdaʔ-u
excrement *ᵑga
exterior *ᵐbaⁿd(a) ~ *ᵐbat(a)
face *ᵑgwa(k)
face, eye, fruit *uᵐba
father *ka(ka)
father, uncle, ancestor *ⁿdũ(-i)
feather, wing, arm, hand *ᵑgak
feline *ⁿdaᵐba; *ku(ⁿd-)
field for cultivation *tai
fireplace *ᵑga-u (ka[k])
firewood *ᵑgi
fish *ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg
flea *ᵐbak-
foot, root *kihʦa ~ *kihsa
four *ᵐbahka(i)
friend, other *pai
full *(hi-)iⁿda ~ *(hi-)ita
to go *ᵐb-; *ⁿdaʔ ~ *taʔ
god, wind *siᵐba
to grow *kuH ~ *ᵐbuH
hair, head *ʦa
hand *haⁿd- ~ *hat-
hand, arm *ᵑguⁿdaʔ
hand, finger *kuuʔ
to hear *kuh
heart, liver, center *ᵐbihⁿda ~ *ᵐbihta; *taH(ᵐba)
to holler *ᵐbau(ⁿd) ~ *kau(ⁿd)
house *hu
how much, how many *ᵐbi-
human being *ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd
hummingbird *ᵐbiʦi ~ *ᵐbisi
hunger *ᵐbaⁿdi
I *ⁿdaH(ⁿd)
instrumental/locative *ⁿdi
jealous *ᵐbau(ⁿd)
to kill *ᵑgua
to know *ᵑgw-
lake, rain [*ⁿdi-ɡwa]
to laugh *haⁿd
leaf *ka
lightning *Guⁿdi ~ *GuiHⁿd
lip *uk-ⁿda
liquid *ⁿdiʔ-a
liver *haiⁿd
locative *ⁿda ~ *ta; *ki; *ʦika ~ *tsaik
to look for, look after *ⁿdi
louse *kũʔ
maize *aiB ~ aBi
manioc *i(k)
meat, flesh *ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih
monkey *huⁿdĩ ~ uⁿdĩʔ
moon *siʔ
mosquito *ʦuiⁿd
mother-in-law, daughter-in-law *ᵑgak
mouth *kah-ka
mouth, vagina *ʦipi
name *haka ~ *akaʔ
nape *ⁿdu-kuⁿd(a) / *ⁿdu-kus(a)
neck *ᵑgaⁿda
net *kaⁿdaʔ
new *(a-)ᵐbihⁿd- ~ *(a-)ᵐbiht-
night, dark *ʦii
nine, ten *uk(a)
nominalizer *-ᵐba; *-ⁿd-; *-ka
nose *ⁿdii(k)
(older) sibling, (older) sister *ᵑgwi
only *ᵐbii
open *kah
pale *siʔ-kwa
palm *huka
path *hi
to peel *suʔ
possessed *-i
post, pole *ʦauⁿd ~ *tsuⁿda
pot *hũ
prick, sting, point *ⁿduk / *suk
pumpkin, squash *apii(s)
to put *eʔ
raptor *pũʔ
rattle *taʔ
raw *tah(-ka)
red, yellow, ripe *taʔBa
relational element *ⁿd(i)-; *ʦ(i)-
rodent, large *kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd
rodent, small *suh(-kui)
rope, string *ki
round *ᵐbiⁿd(i)
salt *ⁿdaᵑg
sand *uB(V)(-ta)
to scratch, rub *ʦuH
to see *su
seed *ⁿduⁿd-
seed, fruit *kwa
seven *kuh
side *suuⁿd
to sit (singular) *ʦaʔ
six *taiⁿd-
skin *huka ~ *huBa ~ kuaʔ
to sleep *kap-
small *Buⁿd-; *ʦiⁿd(a)
smell *Laʔ
snake *takaᵐb- ~ *taᵐbak
soft *ʦiⁿdi
son, child *ᵑgaᵐba
to sow *ⁿdihk-
spoon, ladle *ʦuiⁿd ~ *ʦuⁿdi
to stand (singular) *ⁿdu-
stick, bone, tree *kaⁿd- ~ *kat-
stomach *ⁿduaᵐbih
stone *hak ~ *kaʔ
sun, day *ⁿdi
sun, year *ⁿdu-
to swallow, drink, eat *-hu ~ *-uʔ
sweet potato *Baiʔ
tail *ᵐbaⁿd(a)-; *ⁿduh(k)
to take *ᵑgu
to take out, pick up *hapi ~ *apiʔ
tasty *ᵐbaⁿd-
tear *uᵐba ⁿdiʔa
that *a
this *hi ~ *iʔ
three *ᵐbãʔ(ĩ)
throat *ᵐbi-ⁿdaʔ
throat, hole *kuHⁿdi ~ *kuiHⁿd ~ *BuHⁿdi
tobacco *ⁿdua
tongue *kuʔ(-Ba)
tooth (molar) *haka
tooth *ⁿduʔ
turkey, large galliform bird *(ᵑg)uⁿd-
to turn around *ᵐbuⁿd- ~ *kuⁿd-
turtle *kwi
to twist *ᵐbu
two *ᵐbuuʔ
up, sky *ᵐbii
urine *huʦi ~ *huiʦ
valency-reducer *a-; *aʔ-; *aⁿd-
to walk *ⁿdai
to wash *suh(k)
to watch *ᵑguⁿda ~ *ᵑgwaⁿd
water, river *ⁿdiʔ
to wear *(ⁿd)iˈa
white, morning *ᵐbuⁿd(u)
who, someone *ⁿdi
wind *ᵐbuⁿd-kaⁿd(a)
woman (adult) *ᵐbuⁿdi ~ *ᵐbuiⁿd ~ *ᵑguⁿdi ~ *ᵑguiⁿd
woman (young) *ᵐbus-
worm *ᵑgi
wound, trace *saⁿda
to wrap *ᵐbaʔk
you *ᵐbaʔ
young, sprout *pu

References

[edit]
  1. 1.0 1.1 Pache, Matthias J. 2018. Contributions to Chibchan Historical Linguistics. Doctoral dissertation, Universiteit Leiden.
  2. ^ Holt, Dennis. 1986. The Development of the Paya Sound-System. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
  3. ^ Constenla Umaña, Adolfo (1981). Comparative Chibchan Phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
  4. ^ Constenla Umaña, Adolfo. 2012. Chibchan languages. In Lyle Campbell and Verónica Grondona (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, 391-440. Berlin: Mouton.
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