Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions
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Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions by Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021), Rojas-Berscia (2019), and Valenzuela (2011):
Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021)[edit]
Proto-Kawapanan reconstruction by Rojas-Berscia & Nikulin (2021):[1]
| English gloss | Proto-Kawapanan | Shiwilu | Shawi | earlier Shawi | pre-Proto-Kawapanan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| widow | *(k)ɘju-, *(k)ɘju-ɾuɴ | ɘkð̞u-, ɘkð̞u-luɴ | kɘjo-ɾoɴ | ||
| caimito fruit | *(k)ɘpa | ɘkpa | kɘʰpa | ||
| anona | *aɘ | ɘk-pi | ɘ(-ʃa), aɘ | ||
| sour | *ai- | ɘɾ- | ai- | ||
| hair | *aiɴ | ɘɾɴ | aiɴ | ||
| above | *ajɪ-pɪ | að̞i-pi | ai-pi | ||
| spirit of the forest | *ajɪwaɴ | að̞iwaɴ- ‘to scare’ | aiwaɴ | ||
| to lend, to borrow | *aˀlaɴ- | alaɴ- | aʔnaɴ- | ||
| one | *aˀlaʔ | alaʔ | aʔnaʔ | ||
| opossum | *ana-si | ana-sɘɾ | ana-ʃi | ||
| huaman samana tree | *aɴpiɴnɪaɴ | aɴpɘɴɲaɴ | aɴpiniaɴ | ||
| feather, bodily hair | *aɴpuɾuʔ | aɴpuluʔ | aɴpoɾoʔ | ||
| to burn | *aˀpɘ(ʔ)- | apɘk- | aʔpɘ- | ||
| thief (> to steal) | *api(ʔ) | apɘɾ- | apiʔ | ||
| wound; to injure oneself (Sha); to spoil, to rot | *apiʔ(-) | apɘˀɾ- | apiʔ; api- | ||
| huasaco fish | *aʔlanaɴ | aʔlana(ɴ) | aʔnanaɴ | ||
| to roast (manioc, plantain) | *aʔli- | aʔlɘɾ- | aʔni- | ||
| hualo toad | *ɘɴpu | ɘɴpu | iɴpu | ||
| genipa, huito tree | *ɘsa | ɘksa | isa | ||
| to scrape | *ɘwi- | ɘkkʷi- | iwi- | ||
| comb | *ɘwinaɴ | ɘkkʷina(ɴ) | iwinaɴ | ||
| to untie | *ɘʔki- ~ *ɘˀki- | ɘkkɘɾ- | iʔki-ɾi-t- | ||
| to kneel | *ɪɘɴsuɴ- | jɘɴsuɴ- | isoɴ- | ||
| tasty, to like (food) | *ɪja(-t)- | ija-, ija-t- | ja-(ʃ)i-ɴ, ja-ʰt- | ||
| night mosquito | *ɪjuɴ | ijuɴ | joɴ | ||
| cunchi fish | *ɪki(ɾ/l)ala | ikɘʎala | ikiana | *iki(ɾ/l)ala | |
| bird | *ɪlaɴsiʔ | ilaɴsɘˀɾ | ina(i)ɴʃi-ɾa ~ inai-ɾa | ||
| chambira cord, rope | *ɪla-ɾɪɴ | ila-ʎiɴ | ina-ɾiɴ | *ɪla-ɾɪn | |
| to suck (Sha), to lick (Shi) | *ɪluʔ- / *ɪɾuʔ- | iluʔ- / iɾuʔ- | iɾu- / iɾo- | ||
| to roast | *ɪɴja- | iɴja- | ija- | ||
| to urinate | *ɪɴjaʔ- | iɴjaʔ- | ija- | ||
| patio | *ɪɴjuɾa-tɘk | iɴjula-tɘk | ɘʔɘɾa-tɘʔ ~ iʔiɾa-tɘʔ | ||
| sibling-in-law (opposite sex of the ego) | *ɪɴmuɾu(ɘ)ʔ- | iɴmuʎuʔ-ʃa ‘brother-in-law (of a woman)’ | imoɾoɘ-ɴ | ||
| to scoop | *ɪɴsɘɴ | iɴʃɘɴ- | isɘɴ ‘scoop (n.)’ | ||
| right | *ɪɴtɪna(ɴ) | iɴtʃina(ɴ) | iɴtʃinaɴ | ||
| vein, sinew, tendon | *ipa-tɘʔ | ɘɾpa-tɘk | iʰpa-tɘʔ | ||
| giant armadillo, yanguaturi armadillo | *ɪpɘ | ipɘk | ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ | ||
| to make noise | *ɪɾɪɴ- | iɾiɴ- | iɾiɴ- | ||
| cough, cold | *ɪɾu | ilu- | iɾo | ||
| curassow | *ɪˀsa | iʃa | iʔsa | ||
| bat | *isɘʔ | iʃɘk | isɘʔ | ||
| agouti | *itɘʔ | ɘttʃɘk | iʰtɘʔ | ||
| root | *i-tɘʔ | i-tɘk | i-tɘʔ | ||
| trace | *iʔla | ɘˀɾʎa | iʔna- | ||
| termite | *iʔtɘ(ʔ)- | ɘttʃɘk-la | iʔtɘ-ɾɘʔ | ||
| recently/late, afternoon | *iʔwa | ɘˀɾwa | iʔwa | ||
| evening star | *iʔwa-ju | ɘˀɾwa-ð̞u | iʔwa-jo | ||
| muena tree | *jaˀka(-ɾa) | ð̞aka(-la) | jaʔka-ɾa | ||
| to cut hair | *jakuʔsɪʔ- | ð̞akuʔsiʔ- | jaʰkoso- | ||
| to cut meat | *jalu- | ð̞alu- | jano- | ||
| ashes | *ja-luʔ, *jaɾuʔ | pɘɴ-ð̞a-luʔ | ja-noʔ | ||
| small, thin | *jami | ð̞amɘɾ | jami- | ||
| salt | *jamuɾa | ð̞amula | jamoɾa | ||
| piranha | *janaɴ ~ *junaɴ | ð̞unaɴ | janaɴ | ||
| flower | *jaɴku | ð̞aɴku | jaɴko | ||
| pain in the eye | *jaˀpɪ- | ð̞api- | jaʔpi-ɾa ‘eye’ | ||
| great egret | *jawɘɾɘ ~ *ɪawɘɾuʔ | jaukluʔ ~ jawɘkluʔ | jawɘɾɘ | ||
| chonta/açaí palm | *jawi(-ɾa) | ð̞awɘɾ, ð̞awɘ-ʎa | jawi-ɾa | ||
| snake | *jaʔ-waɴ | ð̞aʔ-waɴ | jaʔ-waɴ | ||
| who | *jɘɴ | ð̞ɘɴ | iɴ | ||
| otter | *jɘɴnɪ | ð̞ɘɴɲi | ini | ||
| water | *jɘʔ | ð̞ɘk | iʔ | ||
| pressing with fingernails, with one’s fingernails | *jɘʔ- | ð̞ɘk- | iʔ- | ||
| sand | *ji-luʔ-tɘʔ | ð̞ɘ-ʎuʔ-tɘk | i-no-tɘʔ | ||
| to pile up | *jɪmu- | ð̞imu- | imo- | ||
| firewood | *jɪwɘ | ð̞iwɘk | iwɘ | ||
| to throw into water | *jɪʔ-jɘʔ-t- | ð̞iʔ-ð̞ɘk-t- | iʔ-i-t- | ||
| to burn (vt.) | *jɪʔsiʔ- | ð̞iʔsɘˀɾ- | iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ | *jiʔsiʔ- | |
| moon | *juki | ð̞ukɘɾ | joʰki | ||
| pus | *juliʔ | ð̞ulɘˀɾ-juʔ | juniʔ / joniʔ | ||
| pale-vented pigeon | *juɴsɘ | ð̞uɴsɘk | joɴsɘ | ||
| toucan | *juˀwɪɴ | ð̞uwiɴ | joʔwiɴ | ||
| belly | *juʔ | ð̞uʔ | joʔ-naɴ | ||
| to apply warm water | *kaˀjɘ(ʔ)-t ~ *kuˀjɘ(ʔ)-t- | kuð̞ɘk-t- | kaʔi-t- | ||
| sister of a female ego | *kajɘ, 3 *kajɘ-ɴ | kað̞ɘk, 3 kað̞ɘ-ɴ | kai, 3 kai-ɴ | ||
| cicada | *kaˀjuɾa | kað̞ula | kaʔjoɾa | ||
| pregnant woman | *kaju-ɾuɴ | kajo-ɾoɴ | *kaju-ɾun | ||
| egg | *kajuʔ / *kajuk-V- | kað̞uʔ | kajoʔ / kajok-ɘɴ | *kajuk | |
| sea lion | *kalaɾaɴ | kalala(ɴ) | kanaɾaɴ | ||
| maparate, bocón fish | *kalujuʔ ~ -ɴ | kaluð̞uɴ | kanojoʔ | ||
| ocelot | *kalunɪʔ | kaluɲiʔ | kanoniʔ | ||
| locrero bird, greater ani | *kaluʔtuɾuʔ | kaluʔtuluʔ | kanoʔtoɾoʔ | ||
| ñejilla palm | *kaɴki | kaɴkɘɾ | kaɴki | ||
| to find, to meet | *kapiʔ- | kapɘˀɾ- | naʰ-kapi- | ||
| three | *kaɾa | kala | kaɾa | ||
| to feel itchy | *kasɘʔ ~ *kɪsɘʔ | kisɘk- | kasɘʔ / kasɘ- | ||
| sweet | *kasiʔ- | kasɘˀɾ- | kaʰʃi-ɴ | ||
| to eat, to have sex | *kaʔ- / *kap-V- | kaʔ- | kaʔ- / kap-a- | *kap- | |
| to eat.NFUT | *kaʔ-l- | kaʔ-n- | *kap-ɾ- | ||
| to fry, to singe | *kɘ(-t)- | kɘk- | kɘ-t- | ||
| you | *kɘɴma | kɘɴma | kɘma | ||
| cheek | *kɪˀkɪ-tɘʔ | kiki-tɘk | kɘʔkɘ-tɘʔ | ||
| añas-súa fish | *kɪlɘɴ | kilɘɴ | kɘnɘɴ | ||
| to bite | *kɪtɘ(ʔ)- | kitɘk- | kɘtɘ- | ||
| manioc | *kiʔ | kɘˀɾ | kiʔ(-ʃa), kɘʔ-ʃa | ||
| musmuque monkey | *kujɘ | kuð̞ɘk | kowi | ||
| oropendola, paucar bird | *kukuʔ | kukuʔ | koʰkoʔ | ||
| throat | *kulu(ʔ) | kulu-pi ‘Adam’s apple’ | kono(ʔ) ‘neck, throat’ | ||
| cumala tree | *kumaɾa | kumala | komaɾa | ||
| boa | *kupɪ-waɴ | kupi-waɴ | koʰpi-waɴ | ||
| worm | *kuwiʔ | kuwɘ(ˀ)ɾ | kowiʔ | ||
| corocoro bird | *kuʔluɾuɴtɘʔ | kuʔluluɴtɘk | koʔnoɾoɴtɘʔ | ||
| I | *kʷa | kʷa | ka(a) | ||
| to be heavy | *kʷiʔ- | kʷɘˀɾ- | kɘʔ- | ||
| hole | *lalɪɴ | laʎiɴ | naniɴ | ||
| huangana peccary | *lamaɴ | lamaɴ | namaɴ | ||
| mouth, language | *laɴlaɴ / *laɴlam-V- | nanaɴ / nanam-ɘɴ | *lamlam | ||
| bone | *laɴsɪʔ | laɴsiʔ | naɴsɘʔ | ||
| foot | *laɴ-tɘʔ | laɴ-tɘk | naɴ-tɘʔ | ||
| to believe | *latɘ(ʔ)- | latɘk- | naʰtɘ- | ||
| tooth | *la-tɘʔ | na-tɘʔ | *ɾa-tɘk | ||
| thorn | *lawaɴ | lawaɴ | nawaɴ | ||
| to fast, to avoid food | *laʔ- | laʔ- | naʔ- | ||
| girl menstruating for the first time | *lɘ-luɴ | lɘk-luɴ | nɘ-noɴ | *{l/ɾ}ɘC-ɾun | |
| tacarpo stick | *liˀluna | lɘʎuna(ɴ) | niʔnona | ||
| name | *lɪɴlɪɴ / *lɪɴlɪn-V- | ʎiɴʎiɴ | niniɴ / ninin-ɘɴ | *lɪnlɪn | |
| heart | *lɪɴlupɪ ~ *n- ~ *j- | ð̞iɴlupi | ninopi | ||
| pattern, drawing | *lɪɴsi | ʎiɴsɘɾ | ni(ɴ)ʃi- | ||
| pucacuru ant | *lɪpi | lipɘɾ-λa ~ λ- | niʰpi | ||
| to see | *lɪʔ- / *lɪk-V- | ʎiʔ- | niʔ- / nik-a- | *lɪk- | |
| tamshi vine | *lu-lɪɴ | lu-ʎiɴ | no-niɴ | *{l/ɾ}uC-ɾɪn | |
| moth | *luˀsuɴ | lusuɴ | noʔsoɴ | ||
| to see in a vision | *lusuʔ- ~ *lutuʔ- | lutuʔ- | noso- | ||
| to know | *luwi- | luwɘɾ- | nowi- | ||
| earth:CL | *-luʔ / *-ɾuʔ | -luʔ | -noʔ / -ɾoʔ | ||
| coto monkey | *luʔluʔ | luʔluʔ | noʔnoʔ | ||
| earth | *luʔpaʔ | luʔpaʔ | noʔpaʔ | ||
| macambo palm | *maki | makɘɾ | maʰki | ||
| because of, for | *maɾɘʔ | malɘk | maɾɘʔ | ||
| to grab, to marry | *maʔ- / *mak-V- | maʔ- / mak-a- | *mak- | ||
| yarina palm (Sha); tagua palm, ivory nut palm (Shi) | *mɪɾɘ | milɘk | mɘɾɘ | ||
| leaf (Sha), tree top (Shi) | *muluʔ | muluʔ | monoʔ | ||
| dove sp. | *muɴtɪ | muɴtʃi | moɴtʃi | ||
| head | *mutuʔ | mutuʔ | moʰtoʔ | ||
| reflexive voice | *ɴ- | iɴ- | ni- | ||
| to increase | *naa- | nað̞a- | naʔa- | ||
| to pass by | *naˀku- | naku- | naʔko- | ||
| to pass by.NFUT | *naˀku-ɾ- | naʔko-ɾ- | *naˀku-ɾ- | ||
| to end | *naniʔ- | nanɘˀɾ- ‘to forget, to flee’ | nani- ‘to end’ | ||
| to climb | *naɴpɘ(ʔ)- | naɴpɘk- | naɴpɘ- | ||
| sábalo fish | *naɴsɘ | naɴsɘk | naɴsɘ | ||
| tree | *naɾa | nala | naɾa | ||
| bushmaster | *naˀti | natɘɾ | naʔʃi | ||
| to breathe | *niɪ- | nɘɾi- | nii- | ||
| lisa fish | *nikaɾa | nɘɾka-la | niʰka-ɾa ~ miʰka-ɾa | ||
| settlement | *nɪnaɴluʔ | ɲinaɴluʔ | ninanoʔ | ||
| tongue | *nɪnɘ(ʔ)-ɾa | ɲinɘk-la | nɘnɘ-ɾa | ||
| jaguar | *nɪˀnɪʔ | ɲiɲiʔ ‘dog’ | niʔniʔ | ||
| to bear fruit | *nɪ-t- | ɲi-t- | niʰ-t- | ||
| nose | *ni-tɘʔ | nɘɾtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk | ni-tɘʔ | ||
| to jump | *ɴjɘ(ʔ)- | iɴð̞ɘk- | nii- | ||
| hot pepper | *nukaʔ | nukaʔ | noʰkaʔ | ||
| canoe | *nuɴ | nuɴ | noɴ | ||
| leaf for the roof | *palɪʔ- | paʎiʔ- | pani-ɾa | ||
| irapai palm | *paɴpɘ | paɴpɘk-lu | paɴpɘ | ||
| tapir | *paɴwaɾa | paɴwala | pawaɾa | ||
| to bury | *paˀpiʔ- | papɘˀɾ- | paʔpi- | ||
| to pour | *pasiʔ- | pasɘˀɾ- | paʰʃi- ‘to perfume’ | ||
| to crawl | *patɘ(ʔ)- | patɘk- | paʰtɘ- | ||
| to go | *paʔ- / *pak-V- | paʔ- / pak-a- | *pak- | ||
| to fish with barbasco | *pɘiʔ- ~ *puiʔ- | puˀɾ- | pɘʔi- | ||
| fire | *pɘɴ | pɘɴ | pɘɴ | ||
| to fly | *pɘɴ- | pɘɴ- | pɘɴ- | ||
| horn | *pɘɴmuɴ | pɘɴmuɴ | pomoɴ | ||
| to call (Sha), to sing, to whistle, to bark, to croak (Shi) | *pɘɾa- | pɘkla- | pɘɾa- | ||
| iguana | *pɘwaɾa | pɘkkʷala | pɘwaɾa | ||
| to cut | *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘˀtɘ(ʔ)- | pɘktɘk- | pɘʔtɘ- | ||
| house | *pɪjɘʔ | pið̞ɘk | pɘiʔ | ||
| to advise | *pɪlɘɴ- | pilɘɴ- | pɘnɘɴ- | ||
| tobacco | *pɪɴti | piɴtɘɾ | piɴʃi | *piɴti | |
| to push | *pɪtaʔ- | pitaʔ-ka- | piʰta- | ||
| to count | *pɪtɪ- | pitʃi- | pitʃi- | ||
| thread | *pɪˀti | pitɘɾ | piʔʃi | *piʔti | |
| size, measure | *pɪtɪ-naɴ | pitʃi-naɴ | pitʃi-naɴ | ||
| to count.NFUT | *pɪtɪ-ɾ- | pitʃi-ɾ- | *pɪtɪ-ɾ- | ||
| breadfruit | *pitu | pɘttʃu | piʰto | ||
| to carry | *pɪʔpɘ(ʔ)- | piʔpɘk- | pɘʔpɘ- | ||
| pucahuicsa fish | *puˀpuɴ | pupuɴ | poʔpoɴ | ||
| mammal sp. | *puʔsi | puʔsɘɾ ‘pygmy-marmoset’ | poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ | ||
| NFUT | *-ɾ-/*-l- | -ɾ-/-n- | *-ɾ- | ||
| small and round:CL | *-ɾa | -la | -ɾa | ||
| vine/cord:CL | *-ɾɪɴ, *-lɪɴ | -liɴ, -ʎiɴ | -ɾiɴ, -niɴ | *-ɾɪn | |
| woman:CL | *-ɾuɴ/-luɴ | -ɾoɴ/-noɴ | *-ɾun | ||
| wife | *saa- | sað̞a- | saʔa- | ||
| difficult | *sakaʔ-jɘʔ | sakaʔð̞ɘk | saʰka-iʔ | ||
| to work | *sakaʔ-t- | sakaʔ-t- | saka-t- | ||
| fish | *sami | samɘɾ | sami | ||
| zarza vine | *saɴka-ɾɪɴ | saɴka-ɾiɴ | *sa{m/n}ka-ɾɪn | ||
| guava | *saɾa(ʔ) | salaʔ | saɾa | ||
| martín-pescador bird | *sasaʔ | sasaʔ | sasaʔ | ||
| to be rough | *saʔkaʔ- | saʔkaʔ- | saʔka- ‘to have rough skin, to have mole’ | ||
| pox | *saʔlaʔ(-pɪ) | saʔlaʔ(-pi) | saʔnaʔ, saʔna-pi | ||
| lung | *saʔpuʔ | saʔpuʔ | saʔpo-ɾoʔ | ||
| porridge, thick soup | *sɘɴma-ɾuʔ | sɘɴma-luʔ | sɘma-ɾu-t- | ||
| with one’s fingers | *sɘʔ- | sɘk- | sɘʔ- | ||
| diced manioc | *sɘʔ.u | sɘk.ku- | soʔ.o | ||
| to dilute | *sɘʔ-muʔ- | sɘk-muʔ- | sɘʔ-mo- | ||
| anteater | *siku | sɘ(ˀ)ɾku | ʃiʰko | ||
| yupana cane | *sɪlu | silu | sɘno | ||
| bee sp. | *sɪlupa(ʔ) | silupa | sɘnopaʔ ~ -w- | ||
| hoatzin bird | *sɪɴkaɴtɘʔ | siɴkaɴtɘk | sɘɴkaɴtɘʔ | ||
| ungurahui palm | *siɴ-naɾa | sɘɴ-ɲala | ʃi-naɾa | ||
| dart | *siɴnɪɾɘ | sɘɴɲilɘk | ʃinɘɾɘ | ||
| pineapple | *siɴpa | sɘɾɴpa | ʃiɴpa | ||
| paucar bird | *siɾuʔ | sɘʎuʔ | ʃiɾoʔ | ||
| drop | *siˀtaʔ | sɘɾtʃaʔ- ~ sɘttʃaʔ- ~ sɘʔtʃaʔ- | ʃiʔtaʔ | ||
| apangora crab | *siwa | sɘɾwa | ʃiwa | ||
| macana fish | *siˀwɪ(ɴ) | sɘɾwiɴ | ʃiʔwi-ɾoʔ | ||
| reed, cane sp. | *sɪwi(ɴ)(-naɴ) | siwɘɴ-ɲa(ɴ) | ʃiwi(-naɴ) | *siwi(ɴ)naɴ | |
| tingotero/isulilla ant | *sɪʔka | siʔka- | sɘʔka- ‘to sting’ | ||
| branch | *sɪʔpa | siʔpa | sɘʔpa-ʰkɘ-ɴ, sɘʔpa-ɾaʔwa-iɴ | ||
| husband | *suˀja, 3 *suˀj-ɪɴ | suð̞a, 3 suð̞-iɴ | soʔja, 3 soʔ-iɴ | ||
| frog sp. | *sukiɾu(ʔ) | sukɘʎuʔ | sokiɾo | ||
| poison | *sulɪmaɴ | suʎimaɴ | sonimaɴ | ||
| vulture | *supuʔ | supuʔ | soʰpoʔ ~ sɘʰpoʔ | ||
| choro monkey | *suɾuʔ | suluʔ | soɾoʔ | ||
| to grow | *suˀsu- | susu- | soʔso- | ||
| rapids, waterfall | *suʔpuɾa | suʔpula | soʔpoɾa ~ sɘʔpoɾa | ||
| island | *suʔtuɴ | suʔtuɴ-ð̞ɘk ‘lagoon’ | soʔtoɴ | ||
| alligator’s tooth | *taja ɾa-tɘʔ | taja ɾa-tɘʔ | *taja ɾa-tɘk | ||
| to die out | *takiʔ- | takɘˀɾ- | taʰki- | ||
| hammock | *taˀla | tala | taʔna | ||
| condor | *tamɘ | tamɘk | tamɘ | ||
| star | *taɴju-ɾa | tað̞u-la | tajo-ɾa | ||
| platanillo | *taɴku | taɴku ‘banana’ | taɴko | ||
| to tie | *tɘɴpuʔ- | tɘɴpuʔ- | toɴpoʔ ‘bundle’, toɴpo- ~ tɘɴpo- | ||
| tick | *tɘpa | tɘkpa | tɘpa | ||
| cover:CL | *-tɘʔ / *-tɘk-V | -tɘk | -tɘʔ / -tɘk-ɘɴ | *-tɘk | |
| to run, to flow | *tɘʔ.aʔ- | tɘk.kaʔ- | taʔ.a- | ||
| to flee, to escape | *tɪ(a)ʔ(j)ɘ(ʔ)- | tʃiʔjɘk- | tʃaʔɘ- | ||
| to sow | *tiaʔ- / *tiak-V- | tɘɾaʔ- | ʃaʔ- / ʃak-a- | *tiak- | |
| louse | *tɪmɘɴ | tʃimɘɴ | tɘmɘɴ | ||
| to die | *tɪmɪɴ- | tʃimiɴ- | tʃimiɴ- | ||
| to smoke food | *tɪɴ- | tʃiɴ- | tʃiɴ- | ||
| river mouth | *tɪɴpiɴ-naɴ / *-nam- | tʃiɴpɘɴɲaɴ | tʃiɴpinam-ɘɴ | ||
| river crab | *tɪɴtɪ | tʃiɴtʃi | tʃiɴtʃi | ||
| moriche palm | *tɪpi | tʃipɘ(ˀ)ɾ | ʃiʰpi | *tipi | |
| mosquito net | *tɪpi-tɘʔ | tʃipɘɾ-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk | ʃiʰpi-tɘʔ | *tipi-tɘʔ | |
| sloth | *tɪɾu | tʃilu | tʃiɾo | ||
| floodplain | *tɪtɘ(ʔ)-pɪ | tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ | tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi | ||
| excrement | *tɪˀtɪ | tʃitʃi | tʃiʔtʃi | ||
| maize | *tɪˀtiʔ | tʃitɘ(ˀ)ɾ | ʃiʔʃiʔ | *tiʔtiʔ | |
| to gut | *tɪʔ- / *tɪk-V- | tʃiʔ- / tʃik-a- | *tɪk- | ||
| armadillo, yanguaturi armadillo | *tɪʔlɘ(ʔ) | tʃiʔlɘk | tɘʔnɘ-ʃaʔwɘ | ||
| chest | *tɪʔ-tɘʔ | tʃiʔ-tɘk | tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ | ||
| maquisapa monkey, spidermonkey | *tuˀja | tuð̞a | toʔja | ||
| tocón monkey | *tukuɴ | tukuɴ | toʰkoɴ | ||
| leg, thigh | *tula | tula | tona | ||
| horsefly | *tuɴka | tuɴka | toɴka | ||
| mushroom sp. | *tuɾuma | tuluma | toɾoma-tɘʔ ~ toɾoɴpa-tɘʔ | ||
| mite, chiggers, tick sp. | *tuˀsiɴ | tusɘɴ | toʔʃiɴ | ||
| nail | *tuʔtɘ(ʔ)-ɾa | tuʔtɘk-la | toʔto-ɾa-tɘʔ ~ toʔtɘ-ɾa-tɘʔ | ||
| knee | *tuʔtuʔ-pɪ | tuʔtuʔ-pi | toʔto-wi-tɘʔ ~ -pi- | ||
| cunchi, tullu uma fish | *tuʔwaɴ | tuʔwaɴ | toʔwaɴ | ||
| flea | *tVɘ | tɘk-la | tɘʔɘ | ||
| to stink (of blood) | *ukɘ(ʔ)- | ukɘk- | ukɘ-ʰkɘɴ | ||
| jar for chicha or masato | *uɾɪna(ɴ) | uʎina | oɾinaɴ | ||
| sister of a male ego | *uti | utɘ(ˀ)ɾ-iɴ | oʰʃi | ||
| peach palm | *uʔjapɪ | uʔð̞api | oʔjapi ~ iʔjapi | ||
| to drink | *Vu- | u- | oʔo- | ||
| shrimp | *waɴ | waɴ-ʃɘɴ | waɴ-ʃa | ||
| to stand (up) | *wani- | wanɘɾ- | wani- | ||
| boquichico fish | *waɴki | waɴkɘ{t/ʔ}-tʃɘk | waɴki | ||
| carachama fish | *waɾatɘʔ | walatɘk | waɾaʰtɘʔ | ||
| until, up to | *waɾɘʔ | walɘk | waɾɘʔ | ||
| carachamita fish | *waˀsɘʔ | wasɘk | waʔsɘʔ | ||
| chief | *waʔ.aɴ | waʔ.aɴ | waʔ.aɴ | ||
| siamba palm | *waʔ.aɴ.la | waʔ.aɴ.la | waʔ.a.na | ||
| spirit | *waʔjaɴ | waʔð̞aɴ | waʔjan- | ||
| metal | *waʔna | waʔna | waʔna | ||
| ear | *wɘ | wɘk | wɘ-ɾa-tɘʔ | ||
| blood | *wɘla-jɘʔ | ukla-ð̞ɘk ~ wɘkla-ð̞ɘk | wɘna-iʔ | ||
| to chew, to gnaw | *wɘlu- | uklu- | wɘno- | ||
| shuyo fish | *wɘɴnɪ | wɘɴɲi ~ uɴɲi | wɘni | ||
| to come | *wɘʔ- / *wɘk-V- | uk- ~ wɘk- | wɘʔ- / wɘk-a- | *wɘk- | |
| to see.NFUT | *wɘʔ-l- | wɘʔ-n- | *wɘk-ɾ- | ||
| to sting | *wi- | wɘɾ- | wi- | ||
| child | *wɪˀla | wila | wiʔna- | ||
| curhuinsi ant | *wɪlɘ | wilɘk | wɘnɘ | ||
| to sweep | *wɪtɘ(ʔ)- | witɘk- | wiʰtɘ- | ||
| pot | *wVɘta | wɘkta ~ ukta | wɘʔɘta |
Rojas-Berscia (2019)[edit]
Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.[2]
| gloss | Proto-Kawapanan | Shawi | Shiwilu |
|---|---|---|---|
| agouti | *îtɘʔ | ihtɘʔ | ɘttʃɘk |
| Aipena River | *aîpina ~ *îpina | aipina | ɘrpina |
| anona | *aɘ ~ *ɘ | ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ | ɘk-pi |
| apangora crab | *sîwa | ʃiwa | sɘrwa |
| armadillo | *tiʔlɘ(ʔ) | tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ | tʃiʔlɘk |
| bat | *isɘʔ | isɘʔ | iʃɘk |
| belly | *yuʔ | yoʔ | ð̞u ʔ |
| bird | *iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔ | inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra | ilansɘrʔ |
| bite | *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- | kɘ-tɘ- | ki-tɘk- |
| blood | *wɘLa-yɘʔ | wɘna-iʔ | wɘkla-ð̞ek |
| boa | *kupi-wan | kopi-wan | kupiwan |
| boquichico | *wankî | wanki | wankɘr-tʃɘk |
| breadfruit | *pîtu | pito | pɘttʃu |
| brother (of a woman) | *yuʔyuʔ | yoʔyoʔ | yuyuʔ |
| burn (vt.) | *yiʔsîʔ- | iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- |
| carry | *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- |
| chest | *tiʔ-tɘʔ | tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ | tʃiʔ-tɘk |
| choro monkey | *suluʔ | soroʔ | suluʔ |
| cicada | *kaʼyula | kaʔyora | kað̞ula |
| condor | *tamɘ | tamɘ | tamɘk |
| coto monkey | *luʔluʔ | noʔnoʔ | luʔluʔ |
| cover:CL | *-tɘʔ | -tɘʔ | -tɘk |
| cunchi | *tuʔwan | toʔwan | tuʔwan |
| cunchi (fish sp.) | *ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-La | ikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}a | ikɘλa-la |
| cunchi, tullu uma | *tuʔwan | toʔwan | tuʔwan |
| curassow | *iʼsa | iʔsa | iʃa |
| ear | *wɘ | wɘ-ra-tɘʔ | wɘk |
| earth | *luʔpaʔ | noʔpaʔ | luʔpaʔ |
| earth:CL | *-luʔ | -nuʔ | - luʔ |
| egg | *kayuʔ | kayoʔ | kað̞uʔ |
| evening star | *îʔwa-yu | iʔwa-yo | ɘrʔwa-ð̞u |
| feather, bodily hair | *anpuluʔ | anporoʔ | anpuluʔ |
| fire | *pɘn | pɘn | pɘn |
| firewood | *yiwɘ | iwɘ | ð̞iwɘk |
| fish | *samî | sami | samɘr |
| floodplain | *titɘ(ʔ)-pi | tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi | tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ |
| flower | *yanku | yanko | ð̞anku |
| foot | *lan-tɘʔ | nan-tɘʔ | lan-tɘk |
| genipa | *ɘsa | isa | ɘksa |
| giant armadillo | *ipɘ | ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ | ipɘk |
| hair | *aîn ~ *în | ain | ɘrn |
| head | *mutuʔ | motoʔ | mutuʔ |
| horn | *pɘnmun | pomon | pɘnmun |
| house | *piyɘʔ | pɘiʔ | pið̞ɘk |
| huaman samana tree | *anpînian | anpinian | anpɘnɲan |
| huangana | *laman | naman | laman |
| huasaco | *aʔlanan | aʔnanan | aʔlanan |
| huito tree | *ɘsa | isa | ɘksa |
| husband | *suʔya | suʔya, suʔ-in | suð̞a, suð̞-in |
| irapai palm | *panpɘ | panpɘ | panpɘk-lu |
| jaguar | *niʼniʔ | niʔniʔ | ɲiɲiʔ(-wa) |
| knee | *tuʔtuʔpi | toʔtopi | tuʔtuʔpi |
| leaf for the roof | *paLi | pani-ra | paʎi |
| leg | *tuLa | tona | tula |
| liquid:CL | *-yɘʔ | -iʔ | -ð̞ɘk |
| lisa fish | *nîka-la | nika-ra | nɘrka-la |
| louse | *timɘn | tɘmɘn | tʃimɘn |
| macana fish | *sîʼwi(n) | ʃiʔwi-roʔ | sɘrwin |
| maize | *tiʔtîʔ | ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ | tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ |
| mammal sp. | *puʔsî | poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ | puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ |
| manioc | *kîʔ | kiʔ | kɘrʔ |
| maquisapa | *tuʼya | toʔya | tuð̞a |
| moriche palm | *tipî | ʃipi < *tîpî | tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ |
| mosquito net | *tipî-tɘʔ | ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ | tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk |
| mouth, language | *lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔ | nanan / nanam-ɘn | |
| musmuque monkey | *kuyɘ | kuwi | kuð̞ɘk |
| nail | *tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-la | toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ | tuʔtɘk-la |
| name | *linlin | ninin | ʎinʎin |
| nose | *nî-tɘʔ | ni-tɘʔ | nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk |
| opossum | *ana-sî | anaʃi | anasɘr |
| otter | *yɘnni | ini | ð̞ɘnɲi |
| over | *ayi- | ai- | að̞i- |
| pain in the eye | *yaʼpi- | yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ | ð̞api- |
| pineapple | *sînpa | ʃinpa | sɘrnpa |
| platanillo | *tanku | tanko ‘platanillo’ | tanku ‘banana’ |
| porcupine | *sisɘ(ʔ) | sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ | sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk |
| pressing with fingernails | *yɘʔ- | iʔ- | ð̞ɘk- |
| pucacuru ant | *lipî | nipi | lipɘr-λa |
| pus | *yuLîʔ | yoniʔ | ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ |
| rain | *uʔlan | oʔnan | uʔlan |
| recently/late, afternoon | *îʔwa | iʔwa | ɘrʔwa |
| reed | *siwî(n) | ʃiwi | siwɘn-ɲan |
| river mouth | *tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam- | tʃinpinam-ɘn | tʃinpɘnɲan |
| root | *i-tɘʔ | i-tɘʔ | i-tɘk |
| rope | *iLa-lin | ina-rin | ila-ʎin |
| sachavaca, tapir | *panwala | pawara | panwala |
| sand | *yî-luʔ-tɘʔ | i-nu-tɘʔ | ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk |
| scare | *ayi(ʔ)wan | aiwan | að̞iwan- |
| shrimp | *wan | wan-ʃa | wan-ʃɘn |
| sister (of a man) | *utî | oʃi, uʃi | utɘr |
| sister (of a woman) | *kayɘ | kai, 3 kai-n | kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n |
| sour | *aî- ~ *î- | ai- | ɘr- |
| sweet | *kasî- | kaʃi | kasɘr |
| termite | *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... | iʔtɘrɘʔ | ɘttʃɘkla |
| thief (> to steal) | *apî(ʔ) | apiʔ | apɘr- |
| thin | *simɘn | ʃimɘn- | simɘn |
| thorn | *lawan | nawan | lawan |
| tick | *tɘpa | tɘpa | tɘkpa |
| to believe | *latɘ(ʔ)- | natɘ- | latɘk- |
| to bite | *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- | kɘtɘ- | kitɘk |
| to burn | *aʼpɘ(ʔ)- | aʔpɘ- | apɘk- |
| to burn (vt.) | *yiʔsîʔ- | iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî- | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ |
| to bury | *paʼpîʔ- | paʔpi- | papɘrʔ- |
| to carry | *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- |
| to climb | *nanpɘ(ʔ)- | nanpɘ- | nanpɘk- |
| to come | *wɘʔ- | wɘʔ- | wɘk- |
| to crawl | *patɘ(ʔ)- | patɘ- | patɘk- |
| to cut | *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔtɘ- | pɘktɘk- |
| to die | *timin- | tʃimin- | tʃimin- |
| to die out | *takîʔ- | taki- | takɘrʔ |
| to eat, to have sex | *kaʔ- | kaʔ- | kaʔ- |
| to end | *nanîʔ- | nani- ‘to end’ | nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ |
| to fly | *pɘn- | pɘn- | pɘn- |
| to fry, to singe | *kɘ-, *kɘ-t- | kɘ-t- | kɘk- |
| to gnaw | *wɘLu- | wɘno- | wɘklu- |
| to jump | *inyɘ(ʔ)- | nii- | inð̞ɘk |
| to kneel | *iyɘnsun- | ison- | yɘnsun- |
| to know | *luwî- | nowi- | luwɘr- |
| to meet (to find?) | *kapîʔ- | na-kapi- | kapɘrʔ- |
| to plant | *tîaʔ- | ʃaʔ- | tɘra- |
| to pour | *pasîʔ- | paʃi- ‘to perfume’ | pasɘrʔ- |
| to see | *liʔ- | niʔ- | ʎiʔ- |
| to sting | *wî- | wi- | wɘr- |
| to suck, to lick | *iluʔ- | iro- | iluʔ- |
| to sweep | *witɘ(ʔ)- | wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’ | witɘk- |
| to tie | *tɘnpuʔ- | tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo- | tɘnpuʔ- |
| to untie | *ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî- | iʔki-ri- | ɘkkɘr |
| tocon monkey | *tukun | tokon | tukun |
| tongue | *ninɘ(ʔ)-la | nɘnɘ-ra | ɲinɘk-la |
| toucan | *yuʼwin | yoʔwin | ð̞uwin |
| trace | *îʔla | iʔna- | ɘrʔʎa |
| vein, sinew, tendon | *îpa-tɘʔ | ipa-tɘʔ | ɘrpa-tɘk |
| vine:CL | *-lin | -rin | -lin |
| vulture | *supuʔ | sopoʔ | supuʔ |
| water | *yɘʔ | iʔ | ð̞ɘk |
| who | *yɘn | in | ð̞ɘn |
| wound (> to get spoilt, ugly) | *apîʔ | apiʔ | apɘrʔ |
| yanguaturi | *ipɘ | ɘpɘ/ipɘ | ipɘk |
| you | *kɘnma | kɘma | kɘnma |
Valenzuela (2011)[edit]
Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.[3]
| no. | Spanish gloss | English gloss | Proto-Cahuapana | Jebero | Chayahuita |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yo, me, a mí | I | *kʷa | kʷa, -ku | ka, ku |
| 2 | tú | you | *kɨma | kənma | kɨma |
| 3a | nosotros (exclusivo) | we (exclusive) | *k[u/i]ja | kuða | kija |
| 3b | nosotros (inclusivo) | we (inclusive) | *k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ) | kənmuʔwa | kanpuwa, kamuwa |
| 4 | este | this | *[a/i]suʔ | asuʔ | isuʔ |
| 5 | él, ella | he, she | *[na/i]na | nana | iná |
| 6 | ¿quién? | who? | ðən | intaʔ | |
| 7 | ¿qué? | what? | *ma(ʔ) | maʔnən | maʔtaʔ |
| 8 | no | no | *kuʔ | kuʔlaʔ | kuʔ |
| 9a | todos | all (pl.) | iɲəɾðapəɾ | kaʔipinan | |
| 9b | todo | all (sg.) | iɲə | jaʔipiɾa | |
| 10 | mucho | many | *na(ʔ)ku(n) | nakusuʔ | naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") |
| 11 | uno | one | *a(ʔ)ɾaʔ | alaʔsaʔ | aʔnaʔ |
| 12 | dos | two | *katuʔ | katuʔtaʔ | katuʔ |
| 13 | grande | big | aʔʎupi | panka | |
| 14 | largo | long | ʃin | napuɾupi | |
| 15 | pequeño | small | aʔməɾ | waʔwiʃin | |
| 16 | mujer | woman | kuʔapəɾ | sanapi | |
| 17 | hombre, varón | man, male | ənmupinən | kɨmapi | |
| 18 | persona | person | muðaʔ | pijapi | |
| 19 | pájaro | bird | ʃunpula | inaiɾa | |
| 20a | jaguar | jaguar | *ni[ʔ]niʔ | ɲiɲiʔ | niʔniʔ |
| 20b | perro | dog | ɲiɲiʔwa | niʔniɾa | |
| 21 | piojo | louse | *timɨn | tʃimən | tɨmɨn |
| 22 | árbol | tree | *naɾa | nala | naɾa |
| 23 | semilla, ojo | seed, eye | *ɾaja | laða | -ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") |
| 24 | hoja | sheet | lalumək | wɨɾun- | |
| 25 | raíz | root | *itɨk | iɾək | itɨʔ |
| 26 | corteza | bark | tʃipiɾək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | |
| 27 | piel | skin | tʃipitək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | |
| 28 | carne | meat | tʃutʃu | nuʃa | |
| 29 | sangre | blood | uklaðək | wɨnaiʔ | |
| 30 | hueso | bone | *ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔ | lansiʔ | nansɨʔ |
| 31 | grasa | fat, grease | *ija | ija- | ija- 'freír' |
| 32 | fuego | fire | *pɨn | pən | pɨn |
| 33 | huevo | egg | *kajuʔ | kaðuʔ | kajuʔ |
| 34 | sangre | blood | wiʔwək | pumun | |
| 35 | hueso | bone | ʎintək | winan | |
| 36 | pluma | feather | *anpuɾuʔ | anpuluʔ | anpuɾuʔ |
| 37 | pez | fish | *sami | saməɾ | sami |
| 38 | pelo | hair | *ain(tɨk) | əntʃək | ain |
| 39 | cabeza | head | *mutuʔ | mutuʔ | mutuʔ |
| 40 | oreja | ear | *w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨk | wiʔwək | wɨɾatɨʔ |
| 41 | ojo | eye | *ja(ʔ)pi | ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts") | jaʔpiɾa |
| 41b | ojo, cara | eye, face | laða | -ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") | |
| 42 | uña | nail | *tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa | tuʔtəkla | tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ |
| 43 | respirar | breathe | *n[i/ɨ]tɨk | nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək) | nitɨʔ |
| 44 | boca | mouth | *ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n] | laʔlaʔ | nanan |
| 45 | diente | tooth | *ɾatɨk | latək | natiʔ |
| 46 | lengua | tongue | *ninɨkɾa | ɲinəkla | nɨnɨɾa |
| 47 | pie | foot | *ɾantɨk | lantək | nantɨʔ |
| 48 | rodilla | knee | *tutuʔtu[ʔ]pi | tuʔtuʔpi | tuʔtupitɨʔ |
| 49 | mano | hand | itəkla | imiɾa | |
| 50 | barriga | belly | *juʔ | məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts") | juʔnau |
| 51 | cuello | neck | *kuɾupi | kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple") | kunupi |
| 52 | seno | breast | muðin | ʃuʔʃu | |
| 53 | corazón | heart | *jinɾupi | ðinlupi | ninupi |
| 54 | hígado | liver | *kankan | kankan | kankan |
| 55 | beber | drink | *uʔu- | u- | uʔu |
| 56 | comer | eat | *kaʔ | kaʔ- | kaʔ |
| 57 | morder | bite | *kitɨ(k) | kitək- | kɨtɨ- |
| 58 | ver | see | *ɾiʔ | ʎiʔ- | niʔ- |
| 59 | oír | hear | lawək- | natan- | |
| 60 | saber | know | ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch") | nitotɨ- | |
| 61 | dormir | sleep | *w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ) | witʃiʔ- | wɨʔɨ- |
| 62 | morir | die | *timin | tʃimin- | tʃimin- |
| 63 | matar | kill | ðiʔ- | tɨpa- | |
| 64 | nadar | swim | *(i)jun | iðun- | jun- |
| 65 | volar | fly | *pɨn | pənnuʔ- | pɨn- |
| 66 | ir | go | *paʔ | paʔ- | paʔ- |
| 67 | venir | come | *wɨ(k) | wək- | wɨ- |
| 68 | estar echado, echarse | lying down | pəkkwaʔ- | kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") | |
| 69 | estar sentado, sentarse | seated | ðuʔ- | wɨnsɨ- | |
| 70 | estar parado | standing up | *wani | wanəɾ- | wani- |
| 71 | dar | give | ənkaʔ- | kɨtɨ- | |
| 72 | decir | say | *it(ɨ/u) | (i)ɾ- | itɨ- 'dice' ("say") |
| 73 | sol | sun | kəkki | piʔi | |
| 74 | luna | moon | *juki | ðukəɾ | juki |
| 75 | estrella | star | *ta(n)juɾa | tanðula | tajuɾa |
| 76 | agua | water | ðək | iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") | |
| 77 | lluvia | rain | *uʔɾan | uʔlan | uʔnan |
| 78 | piedra | stone | *ɾaʔpi | laʔpi | naʔpi |
| 79 | arena | sand | ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ | inutɨʔ | |
| 80 | tierra | earth | *ɾu(ʔ)paʔ | lupaʔ | nuʔpaʔ |
| 81 | nube | cloud | ðinpanluʔtək | wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ | |
| 82 | humo | smoke | kəʎu | kunaiʔ | |
| 83 | ceniza | ashes | *jaɾuʔ | pənðaluʔ | januʔ |
| 84 | quemar(se) | burn | *w[i/ɨ](ʔ)ki | wəʔkəɾ- | wiki- |
| 85 | camino | road | intʃilala | iɾa | |
| 86a | cerro | mountain | *mutupi | mutupi | mutupi |
| 86b | selva | jungle | *tanan | tanan | tanan |
| 87 | rojo | red | pipəɾ | kɨwan | |
| 88 | verde | green | wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque") | kanuɾa | |
| 89 | amarillo | yellow | *ʃaʔpi(ʔ) | ʃaʔpiʔ | ʃaʔpitun |
| 90 | blanco | white | ðaða | wiɾitun | |
| 91 | negro | black | kəɾ | jaɾatun | |
| 92 | noche | night | kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark") | taʃiʔ | |
| 93 | gusano | worm | *kuwi(ʔ) | kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm") | kuwiʔ |
| 94 | frío | cold | sanək | sɨwɨn | |
| 95 | lleno | full | muɾ | mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") | |
| 96 | nuevo | new | *na | nalu | naʃa |
| 97 | bueno | good | mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful") | nuja | |
| 98 | redondo | round | munkun | putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi | |
| 99 | seco | dry | ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry") | jakɨn | |
| 100 | nombre | name | *ɾiɾin | ʎi(n)ʎin | ninin |
References[edit]
- ^ Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, and Andrey Nikulin. 2021. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Kawapanan. International Journal of American Linguistics.
- ^ Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and change. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.
- ^ Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar. 2011. Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: comparación léxica y gramatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Aru, Simi, Taqu, Lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 271-304. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Further reading[edit]
- Nikulin, Andrey. 2022. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Kawapanan (Uma reconstrução fonológica de proto-kawapana). LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas 22. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20396/liames.v22i00.8668970