Appendix:Proto-Wakashan reconstructions
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Proto-Wakashan reconstructions:[1]
Fortescue (2007)
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Wakashan | Proto-Kwakiutlan | Proto-Nootkan |
---|---|---|---|
skate | *baːgʷa(ː)n(a) | ||
gather and preserve | *bakʷ- | ||
separate | *baqʷ- | ||
swell | *baxʷ- | ||
measure | *baƛ- | ||
abandoned place | *bi(ʔs) | ||
bunch together | *bin(q)- | ||
glow or sparkle | *bix- | ||
prevent | *bl- | ||
run (away) | *bu(ː)- | ||
human being | *bukʷ-/bakʷ- | ||
hang head | *buɬ- | ||
fart | *buqʷ- | ||
sleepy | *buqʷ(aɬ)- | ||
pregnant | *buxʷ- | ||
razor clams | *cakis(i) | ||
hop | *cak(la) | ||
head hanging down | *camkʷ-/camqʷ- | ||
kind of duck | *caːpin/c’aːpin | ||
on edge or end | *caːq- | ||
twenty | *caqiːc | ||
chase | *cas- | ||
throw water on | *cas- | ||
leak | *ca(ː)xʷ-/ca(ː)χ- | ||
rotate | *caxʷ- | ||
mother of pearl | *caxʷ(ay)i | ||
loosely packed | *caχt-/ciχt- | ||
pry up | *ci(ː)kʷ- | ||
sour | *cilχʷ- | ||
splash or sprinkle | *ciːɬ- | ||
frayed or rough | *ciɬ- | ||
horse clam | *cimani | ||
speak | *ciq- | ||
ride the waves | *ci(ː)q- | ||
melt or fry | *ciχ- | ||
crabapple | *ciχa(piχ) | ||
fish trap | *ckʷa | ||
doubt or deny | *cliqa | ||
hail | *clχa | ||
bored | *cm̍ic’- | ||
blubber or fat | *cnχʷ- | ||
devil’s club (Oplopanax horridum) | *cny̍as | ||
whetstone | *cq’ʷlc | ||
flow | *cum(xʷ)- | ||
robin | *cup’ali/cup’ala | ||
beg for | *cuqʷ- | ||
brittle or dried out | *cus- | ||
urinate | *cusk- | ||
adze off chips | *cxʷ- | ||
flap around or be stranded | *cχʷ- | ||
river or flow | *c’aː- | ||
toe | *c’ac’aːkɬ(a)c’uma | ||
finger | *c’ac’aːkɬ(a)n̍ukuma | ||
stomach rumbling | *c’ac’aːq’an(aqƛ) | ||
sasquatch | *c’ac’aːwaksiɬ | ||
drain | *c’akstaː | ||
spearhead or barb | *c’a(ː)kʷ-/c’a(ː)k- | ||
antler | *c’aːkʷit | ||
dirt | *c’ak’ʷ(aq) | ||
hold on lap or against chest | *c’am-/c’ap- | ||
squirrel | *c’a(ː)miː/c’imt’aw | ||
rock cod | *c’anaːč | ||
tail of fish | *c’an̍it | ||
hush or comfort | *c’an̍uqʷa | ||
sting or smart | *c’apt- | ||
cedar branches | *c’ap’aq | ||
bark | *c’aq- | ||
mountain goat | *c’aq | ||
grey-haired | *c’as- | ||
narrowly avoid accident | *c’at- | ||
one | *c’awaː(kʷ) | ||
rainbow | *c’awayuːs | ||
spring (king) salmon | *c’aːwiɬ | ||
tough or elastic | *c’a(ː)χ- | ||
perform ceremonial with chanting | *c’aːyi(ː)q- | ||
younger sibling | *c’ay̍a | ||
seaweed | *c’aːy̍im | ||
goose-neck barnacles | *c’aʔin(i)wa | ||
surf gets rough | *c’aʔuɬ- | ||
scoop up | *c’iː- | ||
throw or push with horns | *c’i- | ||
lean to side | *c’i(ː)(t)- | ||
throw or pound | *c’ick- | ||
yearling seal | *c’iduɬ | ||
seagull | *c’igilaǧa | ||
clear off or clearing | *c’ik- | ||
clams | *c’ikʷa | ||
bird | *c’i(ː)kʷ- | ||
war or fight | *c’ik’aɬ- | ||
neck | *c’ik’ʷam(a)c | ||
soft earth | *c’i(ː)ɬ(χak)- | ||
dolphin | *c’iːɬk’u(χ)/ciduːlkʷ | ||
rumour | *c’iɬχʷ- | ||
kelp cod | *c’imaːxʷaʔa | ||
mouse or rat | *c’imic’imiː | ||
lean (meat) | *c’inas | ||
play cat’s cradle | *c’inakʷa | ||
go out (tide) | *c’iːnaχ-/c’in̍aχ- | ||
scratchy squeaking sound | *c’iniq- | ||
slip apart (legs) | *c’ip- | ||
hair dripping wet | *c’ipt(ak) | ||
narrow | *c’iːqʷ-/c’iːq- | ||
wind up or braid | *c’iːs- | ||
dirty | *c’is- | ||
hate | *c’is- | ||
intestines | *c’is- | ||
squirt | *c’i(ː)(ɬ)tx- | ||
cormorant | *c’it’awi | ||
jaw | *c’iwaːp | ||
elderberry | *c’i(ː)x- | ||
stop raining | *c’iχ- | ||
arrow | *c’iːχati(ː) | ||
cup or dipper | *c’iːy̍uk’uma | ||
attentive | *c’k- | ||
short | *c’kʷ- | ||
sea urchin | *c’kʷ- | ||
walk through village inviting | *c’kʷi | ||
(weave) basket | *c’l(k)- | ||
feather | *c’lk- | ||
wriggle or wind | *c’lkʷ-/c’nkʷ- | ||
crack or split | *c’lq-/c’t- | ||
shine or flash | *c’lq-/c’ɬ- | ||
point with finger | *c’m- | ||
smoked oolachen | *c’mdaq | ||
be sparing with food | *c’mk- | ||
swallow whole | *c’mqʷ- | ||
stretch out vertically | *c’mt- | ||
go rapidly (in group) | *c’n- | ||
bubbles or beads of sweat | *c’nc-/c’ns- | ||
feel sick | *c’nkʷ(ɬ)- | ||
be shocked | *c’nt-/c’lt- | ||
dip food in oil | *c’p- | ||
throw (away) | *c’q- | ||
small bird | *c’s- | ||
wash | *c’u(ː)- | ||
give | *c’uː(yi)- | ||
totem pole (outdoors) | *c’u(w)aχsi | ||
unstable canoe | *c’uc(k)- | ||
barnacles | *c’uc’um̍a | ||
black | *c’uɬ- | ||
basket hat | *c’up- | ||
mitten | *c’up’ax | ||
punch | *c’uqʷ- | ||
rattle or ring | *c’uqʷ- | ||
boil or pimple | *c’us-/c’uʔs- | ||
dig | *c’u(ː)s-/zu(ː)s- | ||
new | *c’u(ː)x(t)- | ||
stab | *c’uxʷ- | ||
grandchild | *c’uxʷƛma | ||
bracelet | *c’uʔat | ||
winter | *c’u(ː)ʔinχ | ||
singe or roast | *c’(i)x- | ||
untangle or coil up rope | *ča(ː)m- | ||
right hand | *čama(ː)caːs | ||
sweet | *čamas | ||
pine | *čamasmapt | ||
chief | *čaːmat’a | ||
bed | *čamaʔiɬ | ||
be able to | *čamuɬ | ||
seal harpoon | *čapxtuːp | ||
act swiftly | *čašxʷ- | ||
miserable | *čaːwiq- | ||
dripping | *čaχča(ː)χa | ||
pick berries | *čaːy̍axʷ- | ||
island | *čaʔak | ||
pull | *čiː- | ||
bow-legged | *čičimuqspu(ː)ɬ | ||
chum or dog salmon | *čičk’awʔas | ||
proud | *čit-/čaxt- | ||
go on then | *ču(ː)/šu(ː) | ||
vagina | *ču(ː)n̍a | ||
tickle | *čuχʷ | ||
water | *č’a(ʔakʷ) | ||
fingernail | *č’aɬač’a | ||
not see | *č’a(ː)n̍i(ː)- | ||
skim from surface | *č’aːp- | ||
breastbone | *č’apa(ca)sχuma | ||
kissing sound | *č’apkʷ-/c’upkʷ- | ||
manned canoe | *č’aːpuk | ||
blister | *č’aqƛ(a) | ||
mink | *č’aːstimac | ||
purple or crimson | *č’aw̍ick’ay | ||
dizzy | *č’a(ː)ʔuqʷiɬ | ||
mist or drizzle | *č’iːc- | ||
sacrifice or scapegoat | *č’ičm̍uː(ʔu) | ||
canyon | *č’iːkinukst(aːs) | ||
fish scales | *č’ip’aɬ(mis)/č’ip’it(am) | ||
scrape or shave | *č’iːsk- | ||
give or throw away property on death of relative | *č’išiː(ʔ)yu(qʷ)- | ||
soft or easily tom | *č’it-/č’in- | ||
gill net | *č’ita(čak) | ||
hemlock bark dye | *č’iːtm̍ita | ||
whale | *č’it’apuk | ||
war club | *č’it’uːɬ | ||
tremble | *č’ix- | ||
six | *č’iːχpaːɬ | ||
fiy | *č’iyaχ- | ||
butter clam | *č’iʔic | ||
stink | *č’u- | ||
mountain goat | *č’učma | ||
wolf | *č’uč’uwaχsiɬ | ||
small bird | *č’ukn̍a | ||
birthmark | *č’ukʷsiː | ||
suspicious or careful | *č’u(ː)š- | ||
this or that | *daː | ||
hold | *daː- | ||
damp | *dal(x)- | ||
tow | *da(ː)p- | ||
young duck | *dasdigʷnas | ||
witchcraft | *dasgi(ʔ)u | ||
laugh | *daʔɬ- | ||
wipe | *di(ː)- | ||
drive in | *diqʷ- | ||
yellow cedar (bark) | *dixʷ- | ||
bend knee | *dmkʷ- | ||
drag with a rope | *dn- | ||
red cedar (bark) | *dns- | ||
make noise or speak | *duː-/dunt- | ||
buiy | *du(ː)k-/du(ː)kʷ | ||
trail out (line) | *dukʷ- | ||
have a nightmare | *dulmx(it) | ||
salt | *dum- | ||
look for or see | *duqʷ- | ||
armpit | *duqʷ(lac’i)/dmqʷ(lac’i) | ||
poisoned or numb | *du(ː)s(aɬ)- | ||
owl | *dux- | ||
jump | *duxʷ- | ||
nettle | *duxʷa | ||
have eyes open | *dx-/tx- | ||
and then | *g(a)- | ||
this or here | *gaː | ||
first or before | *gaːl- | ||
proper | *gam-/gama- | ||
halibut hook | *gamu(ː)l’(a)/gimul’(a) | ||
seafood | *gawiqa | ||
come | *gaχ- | ||
be (inside) somewhere | *gi(ː)- | ||
sibling-in-law | *giː(n̍up)- | ||
tooth | *gi(ː)g-/gi(ː)k- | ||
shake head | *gi(ː)s(k)- | ||
saw | *gi(l)t- | ||
long or tall | *glt- | ||
steal | *gluƛ- | ||
canoe | *glw̍a | ||
weasel or ermine | *gl’m | ||
get more or add (so many) | *gn- | ||
crawl or stalk | *gul- | ||
leak | *gulx- | ||
backwards or down | *gʷa(ː)- | ||
come here! | *gʷaː(s) | ||
measure | *gʷa(ya)-/gʷaːn̍a | ||
oyster-catcher | *gʷay(gʷay) | ||
tears | *gʷaʔst | ||
wake | *gʷi(ː)- | ||
foot or flipper | *gʷi(ː)gʷi(ː) | ||
rub | *gʷil(kʷ)- | ||
different | *gʷis- /gʷiː(s)t- | ||
deaf | *gʷlkʷm | ||
bum | *gʷlt-/xʷlt- | ||
support | *gʷu- | ||
live in a place | *gʷukʷ- | ||
provisions | *gʷuːɬ- | ||
ratfish | *gʷuːmaː(ǧa) | ||
frost | *gʷus- | ||
lefthand side | *ǧa(m̍x)-/ǧa(mʔx) | ||
puncture or gaff | *ğaː(ƛ)- | ||
fly | *ğağadina/ğağad(li) | ||
grandparent | *ğağmp | ||
night | *ğanuƛ | ||
eye | *ğas- | ||
salmonberry | *ğawlaː(li)/ğawlaw(li) | ||
hang | *ğaxʷ- | ||
stride or straddle | *ğaχ- | ||
starfish | *ğa(ː)zq- | ||
(go out) early in the morning | *ğaʔ- | ||
go after abalone | *ğaʔɬğňi(y)iqa | ||
long time | *ği(ː)(yi) | ||
move or come | *ği(ː)- | ||
askew or sideways | *ğil(x)- | ||
freckle | *ğip- | ||
trip | *ğis- | ||
wild rhubarb | *ği(ː)s- | ||
wipe dish | *ği(ʔ)s-/qi(ʔ)s- | ||
louse | *ği(ː)x(k)- | ||
steelhead salmon | *ğiːχʷ(aχ) | ||
wait | *ğl(a)- | ||
grasp or pull towards self | *ğlp-/ğlq- | ||
water lily | *ğlwat | ||
rack for drying fish | *ğly̍u | ||
somersault | *ğl’uɬcista | ||
call names or reproach | *ğ(a)ɬ- | ||
lie | *ğm(s)-/ğmʔs | ||
carry in arms | *ğn(ala) | ||
screech | *ğn-/ğɬ- | ||
woman | *ğnm | ||
wave or swell | *ğnmala | ||
reveal or bestow name on | *ğu- | ||
paddle | *ğuiha | ||
fish scales | *ğup-/ğum̍- | ||
shelter | *ğus- | ||
take in palm of hand | *ğuχʷ- | ||
red huckleberry | *ğʷadm | ||
lizard | *ğʷalas | ||
finished or ready | *ğʷaɬ- | ||
heavy | *ğʷant-/ğʷay- | ||
dog salmon | *ğʷaːχ-/ğʷaːkʷ- | ||
alder | *ğʷa(ː)χ- | ||
ochre | *ğʷa(ː)χmis | ||
raven | *ğʷaːχʷ- | ||
(do) thus | *ğʷay- | ||
sparrow | *ğʷis- | ||
dried salmon | *ğʷis- | ||
do regularly | *ğʷiy̍ala | ||
whale | *ğʷiʔm | ||
gum | *ğʷl’ik | ||
repay | *ğʷn- | ||
ashes | *ğʷna(ʔ)i | ||
face | *ğʷuğʷmi | ||
trout | *ğʷul(isdi) | ||
tallow or animal fat | *ğʷuluqʷ | ||
slender | *ğʷuχʷ- | ||
go or get going | *ha(ː)-/ha(ː)l’- | ||
yes | *haː(ʔa) | ||
eyelashes | *hac(h)aːpsim | ||
this side | *hacis/hačis | ||
long | *haːc’a- | ||
northwest (wind) | *hačɬ- | ||
black cod | *hadani | ||
barely | *hahaqčim(a) | ||
stutter | *haːhaːyacaq- | ||
hunger | *haku- | ||
borrow | *hak’ʷiɬ-/ʔak’ʷaɬ | ||
pay or send | *haɬ- | ||
ask to accompany one | *haɬiːɬ | ||
defecate | *hamaː-/ʔamaː- | ||
Cannibal society | *hamac’a | ||
bone | *hamuːt | ||
humpback salmon | *hani(xʷ)- | ||
shoot | *hanƛ-/hanɬ- | ||
hair | *hap- | ||
drown | *ha(ː)p(ila)/haɬm- | ||
willing | *haːq’aɬ | ||
breathe | *haːs-/haː(s)x- | ||
sour | *ha(ː)s(x)- | ||
crab | *hasaːmac | ||
know about | *hašiɬ- | ||
be persistent or a pest | *hat-/hat’- | ||
swan or crane | *hatuːman(i) | ||
bathe | *hat’a- | ||
lumber split from tree | *hawas | ||
(tell) story | *haːwic’(aqš)/hamiwic’(aqš) | ||
stop | *hawil- | ||
eat | *ha(ː)w̍(a)-/ham̍(a)- | ||
fall on face | *haχʷ- | ||
not know | *ha(ː)yaː- | ||
expect to happen | *hayal’a | ||
shadow or trace | *hayamut | ||
worry | *hayaːqƛ | ||
act crazy | *hayuxʷ- | ||
bass fishing | *haːʔaɬ | ||
sneeze | *haʔic(x)- | ||
tail | *hc-/hs- | ||
that (empty root) | *hi(ː)- | ||
porpoise | *hicswan | ||
illuminate | *hič(aːk) | ||
accident-prone | *hiːhiːk’iːyaχ | ||
overhang | *hikʷ- | ||
hire | *hil(i)- | ||
weak | *hil(xʷ)- | ||
wolf mask | *hi(ː)laksum | ||
almost | *hils- | ||
proper (e.g. member of family) | *hi(ː)ɬ- | ||
trying | *hiːɬʔayaχ | ||
(deer) tallow | *himiks | ||
(put or be in) container | *hin-/hani- | ||
ask for | *hiːnač | ||
go out to sea | *hinaːčiƛ | ||
head end of sleeping platform | *hiːnakuːwiɬ/hiːnakʷiɬ | ||
way of thinking | *hiːnaːn̍iɬ | ||
elbow or heel | *hiːnapaːqƛ | ||
amazed | *hiːnaqɬ | ||
ride in | *hinayuwiq | ||
growl | *hiniːq- | ||
get ready | *hiːn̍(a)-/hiːl’(a)- | ||
hit with instrument | *his- | ||
sockeye salmon | *hiːs(ina) | ||
live with in-laws when married | *hi(ː)skʷ-/hayaskʷ- | ||
red huckleberry | *hisʔan(wa) | ||
remember | *hit(iː)- | ||
bay | *hitac’uː(ʔ)s | ||
moaning | *hiːtačap | ||
front door or porch | *hitaksʔati(ʔay)iː | ||
arrive | *hitaqayiƛ | ||
upsound | *hitaqƛi(ː)ɬ | ||
get out of harbour | *hitawisc’u- | ||
daughter | *hitaχ(a)w̍iːɬuma | ||
win | *hitaːʔaːp | ||
strange | *hiːtkan(i) | ||
land otter | *hiwaxni(ʔiː)-/waːxni(ʔiː) | ||
head | *hixt’i | ||
howl | *hixʷu- | ||
work hard | *hixʷ- | ||
summer | *hiʔnχ | ||
be stuck in place | *hk’ʷ-/χk’- | ||
killer whale | *hlχʔinuχʷ | ||
eddy | *hl’u(ʔ)ala | ||
carry s.o. on one’s back | *hmt- | ||
butterfly | *hmu-/hlu- | ||
ask for a ride | *h(a)ninuχʷ-/h(a)ninaχʷ- | ||
curse | *hnkʷ- | ||
carry in apron | *hnq- | ||
look at one’s reflection | *hnχ- | ||
steep | *ht- | ||
crosswise or interwoven | *hu- | ||
go (several) | *huː(qʷ)- | ||
not much | *huː(ʔ)iɬ/huːlaːɬ | ||
bird | *hukʷ- | ||
rest | *huɬ- | ||
dance | *huːɬ- | ||
observe | *hum- | ||
whole | *humaqƛ | ||
spider | *humaχa | ||
kind of shellfish | *hum(h)um- | ||
wild rhubarb | *huihaːq | ||
food found adrift | *huːn̍iː | ||
roundish object | *hup- | ||
island | *hupačakt | ||
lame | *hupa(ː)mɬ | ||
help | *hupiː | ||
kind of canoe | *hupin(u)wa(ː)š | ||
vomit | *huqʷ-/wuqʷ- | ||
count | *hu(ː)(k)s- | ||
wrinkled | *hus- | ||
rascal | *hušaːk | ||
jealous | *hut(ʔatu) | ||
abandon or leave | *hut- | ||
expose | *hu(ː)t- | ||
topple over | *huxʷ-/ʔuxʷ- | ||
know how | *huχtakʷ- | ||
running around | *huːyaːp | ||
waves | *hu(ː)y̍a- | ||
(come) back | *huʔa- | ||
yawn | *h(a)x- | ||
thrush | *hχʷ-/ʔχʷ- | ||
climb | *hχʷ- | ||
afterbirth | *hχʷʔut | ||
carry dish-like object | *ka-/kax- | ||
stick up | *ka(ʔat)-/k’at- | ||
hail | *kac- | ||
killer whale | *kakaw̍an(i) | ||
ankle | *kala(ː)kaliː/kala(ː)kalʔayiː | ||
known | *kamat | ||
kneel | *kan-/kat- | ||
fungus | *kanaːy̍i | ||
carry on back | *kanup’aɬ | ||
separate layers | *kap-/kam̍- | ||
like | *kaːp(ap)- | ||
husband or man | *kap(xʷ)- | ||
collide or shove | *kaq- | ||
glance from comer of eye | *kas- | ||
carry (baby) | *kas- | ||
bent | *kas- | ||
nod or bob | *kat-/kas- | ||
scold | *kaƛ- | ||
become visible | *ka(ː)ƛχ- | ||
jump | *kaʔackat- | ||
ladder | *kaːʔaman(a)/kuχʷʔaman(a) | ||
long piece of wood | *kic- | ||
pry up | *kimit- | ||
gall | *kiːstamac | ||
fast | *kixɬ- | ||
light colour | *kixʷ- | ||
scratch or rip | *ki(ː)χʷ- | ||
break into pieces | *kiƛ- | ||
round | *klx- | ||
be amazed or afraid | *kɬ- | ||
move head | *knk-/knq- | ||
loath | *kns- | ||
here you are | *ku(ː)/kʷaː | ||
clean or filet fish | *kuː- | ||
shave or scrape | *kus- | ||
beckon | *kut-/kʷit- | ||
steal | *kuːw̍iɬ- | ||
doing as directed | *ku(ː)w̍iɬa | ||
fresh (seafood) | *kuxc- | ||
open | *kuːƛ- | ||
spouse’s grandfather | *kʷaːcχi | ||
be misplaced or diminished | *kʷa(ː)ɬ- | ||
stem-piece | *kʷama | ||
rumble or rattle | *kʷanxʷ- | ||
wild onion | *kʷan̍is | ||
trample or kick | *kʷas- | ||
hole | *kʷawχʷ- | ||
splash | *kʷa(s)x- | ||
uncovered | *kʷaːχiː | ||
bluejay | *kʷays-/kʷayx- | ||
shrimp-like crustacean | *kʷaƛkʷaːč | ||
grandchild | *kʷaːʔuːc | ||
play musical instrument | *kʷaʔuta | ||
goldeneye duck | *kʷdin(a)/gʷdin(a) | ||
whistle | *kʷiːkʷ- | ||
eagle | *kʷikʷ/wikʷ | ||
fan dance | *kʷiːkʷaːɬa | ||
Transformer (mythical figure) | *kʷiːkʷi(ː)stupsa(ː)p | ||
sting or itch | *kʷiːq- | ||
harpoon head | *kʷiːqaːpɬ | ||
spit | *kʷiːs-/kʷiːɬ- | ||
turn around | *kʷiscaχta- | ||
break (waves) | *kʷit- | ||
knock or tap | *kʷi(n)χ- | ||
quiet | *kʷiːyiɬ | ||
lie (down) | *kʷl- | ||
steam | *kʷns- | ||
mink | *kʷn̍a(q) | ||
concave object | *kʷt- | ||
pearl shell | *kʷugʷis | ||
suspect | *kʷut- | ||
warm | *kʷuxʷ- | ||
crow | *k’aː(qan)- | ||
ashamed | *k’a- | ||
put loose objects away | *k’a(ː)- | ||
bend sideways | *k’a(ː)- | ||
soon | *k’ačaː | ||
raise eyebrows | *k’ak- | ||
raw | *k’al(ʔux) | ||
fern | *k’alax | ||
urinate (man) | *k’alqʷ- | ||
sleep or dream | *k’aɬ- | ||
rough out (canoe) to shape | *k’am- | ||
take away (s.th. belonging to another) | *k’am(a)-/k’ap- | ||
ring | *k’a(ː)maːkʷ | ||
tiny clams | *k’amamu/k’amumu | ||
small waterfall | *k’amazn | ||
gnaw | *k’ap- | ||
hold in arms or squeeze | *k’ap- | ||
humpback salmon | *k’aːp’i | ||
claw or nail | *k’a(ː)s- | ||
harbour seal | *k’aːsč’(uʔ) | ||
draw or paint | *k’a(ː)t- | ||
whale or seal oil | *k’atuk | ||
not enough | *k’at’a-/kat’a- | ||
agape | *k’awaχ- | ||
hurry along | *k’a(ʔ)x- | ||
split lengthwise | *k’ax(ɬ)- | ||
whittle or cut with adze | *k’a(ː)χʷ- | ||
purple | *k’ayiːc | ||
sea shell | *k’aːyišk’an(iː) | ||
swing | *k’a(ː)yuːp-/k’a(ː)yuːm- | ||
kind offish | *k’aƛχaːy̍akʷ | ||
squeal or scream | *k’aʔitq- | ||
carve or cut | *k’iː- | ||
little finger | *k’ida/k’ay(i)da | ||
caulk a boat | *k’ig-/k’ik- | ||
roll or pull back | *k’ik- | ||
dig for clams | *k’il(t)- | ||
dark | *k’ilt- | ||
metal | *k’il’(x)- | ||
sweep | *k’iɬ-/k’is- | ||
spoil (meat) | *k’i(ː)ɬ(χ)- | ||
fur seal | *k’iɬanu.s | ||
kind of owl | *k’iːɬcayap | ||
seal up or plug | *k’i(ː)m- | ||
penis | *k’imis | ||
draw lips between teeth | *k’imt- | ||
pull (hair) loose | *k’in- | ||
rake | *k’in(k)- | ||
feel cold | *k’in(t)- | ||
sea anemone | *k’in(i)ɬimac | ||
fish guts | *k’in̍a(ː)q | ||
(pick) elderberries | *k’ip- | ||
use or do to one’s head | *k’iq- | ||
(right to) song or dance | *k’is(ʔu) | ||
drain water | *k’is- | ||
weave together | *k’it-/k’iɬt- | ||
on edge | *k’itkʷ-/k’ʷukʷ- | ||
dirty | *k’ix- | ||
close one’s eyes | *k’iχ-/k’is- | ||
run away or get scared | *k’iːχʷ- | ||
squeak | *k’k-/k’ʷk- | ||
twist or wring | *k’lp- | ||
crystal | *k’l’aq | ||
show discontent | *k’mʔstu | ||
grapple like a crab | *k’nq-/k’nxʷ- | ||
be or put a pile or load | *k’q- | ||
slacken | *k’s- | ||
not | *k’(i)s-/k’i(ʔ)us | ||
one side of flat thing | *k’saʔzi | ||
unstable | *k’t- | ||
tie or bind | *k’ulk-/k’il(k)- | ||
tongue | *k’ulm | ||
go out or extinguish | *k’ulχ- | ||
dip food in oil or grease | *k’uːɬ- | ||
point or poke | *k’um-/k’up- | ||
calm | *k’uma(ː)q- | ||
backbone | *k’uːnis | ||
slip or slacken (rope) | *k’upq- | ||
kind of sea bird | *k’uːxʷa(š)/k’ʷuːxʷaː(š) | ||
further away | *k’u(ː)ʔu(ɬ) | ||
sit | *k’ʷa(ː)- | ||
light (weight) | *k’ʷa(s)- | ||
tear or burst | *k’ʷa(χ)-/k’ʷap- | ||
hide (leather) | *k’ʷac- | ||
south wind | *k’ʷaːciːniʔiː/k’ʷaːci(ː)n̍iʔiː | ||
small bullhead | *k’ʷa(ː)cnama(c) | ||
poor (boy) | *k’ʷaːčim | ||
dolphin or porpoise | *k’ʷak’ʷaʔakƛi | ||
otter | *k’ʷal-/k’ʷaƛ- | ||
(ritual) branches | *k’ʷaːɬ(uk) | ||
slime | *k’ʷaxa | ||
cedar wood | *k’ʷaχƛawi(ʔ) | ||
fragile | *k’ʷaːyuk | ||
twin | *k’ʷaːy̍as | ||
fish knife | *k’ʷičitin/k’ʷičitin̍ | ||
squirm or twist | *k’ʷikʷ- | ||
hoarfrost | *k’ʷima(ː)c | ||
lucky | *k’ʷiqaɬ | ||
snow | *k’ʷiːs- | ||
be stuck | *k’ʷit-/k’ʷin- | ||
pry loose | *k’ʷit- | ||
suckle | *k’ʷitiːk’ʷitiː | ||
suck | *k’ʷixʷ-/k’ʷimt- | ||
sight or select | *k’ʷi(l)χ- | ||
skunk cabbage | *k’ʷk’ʷuk’ʷ | ||
swim (fish) | *k’ʷl- | ||
(bud of) cottonwood | *k’ʷl’un | ||
scorch | *k’ʷms- | ||
eviscerate | *k’ʷnɬ- | ||
wet | *k’ʷnq- | ||
(inside) gills | *k’ʷnzi | ||
bright light or flash | *k’ʷq-/q’ʷq- | ||
wolf | *k’ʷsl(ʔ)s | ||
Indian tobacco (bush) | *k’ʷt’χuli | ||
split open | *k’ʷu- | ||
fold or bend | *k’ʷuː(s)- | ||
chin | *k’ʷu(ʔ)aq | ||
mussel | *k’ʷuc(as) | ||
be or put a flat thing | *k’ʷup- | ||
hoist or tug | *k’ʷuqʷ-/q’ʷuqʷ- | ||
nail | *k’ʷut- | ||
go | *la-/l’a- | ||
do or finish quickly | *lawi(t)- | ||
wind around | *layxʷ- | ||
reef | *liqi | ||
sea elephant | *liqʷasiʔi | ||
boiled fish | *lisa | ||
rummage or uncover | *lit- | ||
cheap | *liːxʷ- | ||
red cedar | *liʔχ | ||
throw stones | *lk-/l’k- | ||
faint or weak | *lkʷ- | ||
dry | *lmxʷ- | ||
roll | *luː(χʷ)- | ||
bright light | *lu(ː)(ʔak)- | ||
flower | *luːlačχ-/laː(ʔ)ulačx- | ||
old sockeye salmon | *luːlaːs(akt) | ||
haunted | *luɬ- | ||
scorch | *luihasa | ||
empty | *lup-/l’up- | ||
fish by long-lining | *luqʷ- | ||
hemlock | *luqʷ- | ||
seesaw | *lu(ː)škaːlaliː | ||
rocks | *luʔχʷk’ʷs | ||
stick out tongue | *l’akʷ-/l’aχʷ- | ||
wide open | *l’aːp(χʷ)- | ||
roll or fold up | *l’iqʷ-/l’ix- | ||
strange or foreign | *l’kʷ-/l’kʷ- | ||
be or handle moist material | *l’q- | ||
thimbleberry | *l’qaχ- | ||
campfire | *l’qʷ-/lqʷ- | ||
cough | *l’Xʷu | ||
wonder or be surprised | *ɬaknxʷ | ||
have difficult or painful time | *ɬaːkʷ-/ɬaːxʷ- | ||
salmon spear head | *ɬa(ː)k’itawaχ | ||
paralysed or dead | *ɬalaʔ- | ||
salal bush | *ɬan- | ||
lose or be lost | *ɬan(k)- | ||
moan | *ɬanisla | ||
soft | *ɬanqʷ-/ɬanp- | ||
one day from today | *ɬans-/ɬanc- | ||
flap or spread wings | *ɬapX-/ƛap- | ||
give as gift | *ɬaq- | ||
shelter | *ɬaq- | ||
choose | *ɬa(ː)š- | ||
extend long flexible things | *ɬat- | ||
itch | *ɬaχ-/t(a)q- | ||
young man | *ɬaːχuk/ɬaːχukʷ | ||
now | *ɬaχʷ/ƛaχʷ | ||
generous | *ɬaːyiːk/ɬaːq’iːk | ||
kind of basket | *ɬaʔaːš | ||
lie (several people) | *ɬi- | ||
pregnant | *ɬic(iːt) | ||
tie up | *ɬim(a)- | ||
inhale | *ɬimχ- | ||
mind or will | *ɬiːm̍aqsti | ||
take by force | *ɬinma/ƛinma | ||
find by accident | *ɬis-/ɬins | ||
young cedar | *ɬisk’ʷs | ||
ragged | *ɬit- | ||
tug or pull | *ɬit(kʷ)- | ||
get cloudy | *ɬi(ː)w̍aχ- | ||
cedar bark mat | *ɬiχaɬ | ||
spread out (fabric) | *ɬi(ː)χʷ-/ɬi(ː)xʷ- | ||
miss | *ɬiʔ(uː)-/ƛ i(ː)qʷ- | ||
snake | *ɬiːʔiʔ(ay)iː | ||
cover over | *ɬm- | ||
crabapple | *ɬnχ | ||
(edible) seaweed | *ɬq- | ||
brain | *ɬqʷa- | ||
board | *ɬu- | ||
woman | *ɬuk- | ||
sinew or bowstring | *ɬukʷ- | ||
cramp | *ɬuk’ʷiːks/ɬiːk’ʷiːks | ||
tipping over | *ɬuq- | ||
bowl | *ɬuːqʷ- | ||
thunder | *ɬuːt- | ||
turn head away | *ɬuxʷ- | ||
flint or crystal | *ɬuːχ | ||
dwell or lie | *ma(ː)- | ||
drink (baby word) | *maː(χ)- | ||
eat as side dish | *maːc-/ma(ː)s- | ||
fly (insect) | *maːckʷan | ||
supernatural being | *ma(ː)cma(ː)yuxʷan(iː) | ||
enter house | *mačinuƛ | ||
go fast in water | *maːčuk/m̍aːčuk | ||
flea | *mač’asi(ː)na | ||
fish of sea bottom | *maglis/ihaglis | ||
move one end of plank | *ma(ʔ)iɬa | ||
buy | *ma(ː)kʷ- | ||
tug at line (fish) | *makʷ- | ||
have lips sealed | *mak’ʷ(itx)- | ||
fruit (juice) | *malaχdi | ||
playing with dolls or shells | *maːmaːk’an | ||
swallow (bird) | *mamaɬik’a | ||
white person | *mamaɬn̍i | ||
leader or harpoon line | *mamaqs(i)y̍ima | ||
fishing for cod | *mamayit(a) | ||
excrement | *manak | ||
bask in sun | *manis(as)/man̍is(as) | ||
smelt | *ma(ː)n̍aw(iː) | ||
left with baby sitter | *maqƛi(ʔi) | ||
dark or shade | *maːqʷ- | ||
heal up | *mas-/m̍as- | ||
blossom | *mas- | ||
roast or bake over coals | *maːs- | ||
commoner | *masčim(a) | ||
howl or wail | *ma(ː)siːwiƛ/ma(ː)siwiɬ | ||
sea lion | *mawak’(a) | ||
Douglas fir | *mawal’as | ||
avoid | *max-/m̍ax- | ||
trap falls | *maχ- | ||
horsetail | *maʔaxʷ/m̍aʔaxʷ | ||
sand dollar | *maːʔic | ||
boy | *maʔiƛqac | ||
twin | *mdm | ||
skate | *miːlaː(š)č | ||
twist (rope) | *mil(t)- | ||
aim | *mils- | ||
level | *miɬ- | ||
sealing spear | *miɬsy̍i(ː)/miɬsiʔiː | ||
sockeye salmon | *miq’aːt | ||
smell | *mi(ː)s- | ||
bow | *mi(ː)stati(ː) | ||
black cod | *miːšaːwiːχ | ||
porcupine | *mixdi | ||
go round in a circle | *m(a)liq- | ||
smile | *mlxʷ-/mnxʷ- | ||
wind from land | *mɬ- | ||
sockeye salmon | *mɬik | ||
mumble or buzz | *mm(k)-/hm(k)- | ||
grouse | *mmk(ls)/kʷmx | ||
overeat | *mnɬ- | ||
onion | *mqʷ(c’i) | ||
marten | *msƛǧn | ||
twitch | *mt- | ||
four | *muː/m̍uː | ||
bear | *mucmuχ(a)q | ||
blue | *mukʷ-/m̍ukʷ- | ||
grateful | *mul’- | ||
tide rising | *muːɬ- | ||
waves breaking on jetty | *muɬatq- | ||
damage | *mus- | ||
cut | *mut- | ||
balsam fir | *mut- | ||
deer | *muwač | ||
boil or steam | *muxʷ-/muqʷ- | ||
hump-backed | *muxʷ-/muχʷ- | ||
clam basket | *muxʷu(yiː) | ||
chiefs wife | *muziɬ | ||
rainbow | *mxsaqʷ | ||
do fast | *mxʷ-/m̍xʷ- | ||
bob up and down | *m(a)χʷ- | ||
what | *m̌a(ː)- | ||
hold in teeth | *m̌ia(ː)-/m̌al- | ||
dragonfly | *m̌akʷaǧadli | ||
cold | *m̌aɬ- | ||
move or swim around | *m̍a(ː)ɬ(aː)-/ma(ː)ɬ(aː)- | ||
recognize | *m̍aɬt’i(ʔ)ala- | ||
(widowed) in-law | *m̍aɬt’i(ʔ)i | ||
thumb | *m̍a(ː)m̌a(ː)m̍ican̍ukuma | ||
(woman’s) older sibling | *m̍a(ː)m̍i- | ||
possessions | *m̍am̍ikas | ||
test or weigh | *m̍a(ː)n(a)- | ||
put spell on | *m̍anu(ː)q- | ||
pluck out | *m̍aq-/ma(p)- | ||
fly | *m̍a(ː)t- | ||
work | *m̍a(ː)w-/ma(ː)w̍- | ||
tie | *m̍iawkʷ-/ma(ː)qʷ- | ||
deliver | *m̍iaw̍u- | ||
close friend | *m̍ayaɬa | ||
give birth | *m̍ay̍uƛ a | ||
take by the hand | *m̍a(ː)ƛ- | ||
two or second | *m̍iaʔ(aɬ) /maʔ(aɬ) | ||
sister or cousin (of woman) | *m̍aʔaχsy̍iqsu | ||
fish or meat | *m̍iː- | ||
surprised or hesitant | *m̍ickʷ- | ||
awesome | *m̍iːm̌i(ː)n̍aːk | ||
gather (fish) | *m̍in(aːɬ)- | ||
rain | *m̍iƛ- | ||
move away | *m̍iƛ- | ||
tease or do mischief | *m̍iƛ- | ||
swallow or choke | *m̍k- | ||
white or grey | *m̍l-/m̍uqʷ- | ||
think of | *m̍lqw-/mlqʷ- | ||
stir | *m̍(a)ɬ- | ||
gesture | *m̍ins-/m̍nc- | ||
throw away | *m̍q- | ||
crave | *m̍s- | ||
sealed off | *m̍u(x)- | ||
bulky object or stone | *m̍ukʷ- | ||
bum (torch) | *m̍ul’-/m̍il’- | ||
keep secret or mute | *m̍u(ː)qʷ- | ||
scrotum | *m̍u(ʔ)qʷdli | ||
animal | *m̍uq ʷs | ||
punch | *m̍x-/mx- | ||
wet | *m̍χʷ- | ||
dare | *na- | ||
go (with) | *na(ː)(ʔuː)-/n̍a(ː)- | ||
tail of fish or bird | *naːk-/n̍aːk | ||
ling cod | *naɬm | ||
grizzly bear | *naːn(a) | ||
grandparent | *nani- | ||
coiled | *naːp-/laːp- | ||
strong | *naš- | ||
mallard duck | *naːχ-/naːq | ||
tattle | *naːy(iʔ)ayikʷ | ||
echo | *nayi-/naya- | ||
snow | *nay̍(iʔ) | ||
child | *nay̍aq(akʷ)/yan̍aq(akʷ) | ||
kick or put foot out | *naƛk- | ||
hear or sense | *naʔaː- | ||
share food with | *naːʔiːyuχ-/n̍aːʔiːyuχ- | ||
vulva | *naʔxʷ | ||
parent- or child-in-law | *ngʷmp | ||
nose | *nic’a | ||
take revenge | *nik- | ||
show | *niɬ- | ||
muddy | *niqʷ- | ||
be satiated or full | *nis- | ||
belch | *nisc’it(aq)- | ||
land or country | *nism̍ak | ||
beam | *nitup | ||
pull up | *ni(ː)χ- | ||
a short while | *nm(aɬ) | ||
pound | *np-/n̍p- | ||
I or we | *nuː- | ||
mountain | *nuk(iʔiː) | ||
fur seal | *nukʷi | ||
pitch-wood | *nukʷiyac | ||
slightly more | *nuːsiq/nuːsaq | ||
spoiled or polluted | *nut- | ||
glacier | *nuym̍a/n̍uym̍a | ||
flexible | *nχ-/n̍χ- | ||
pick berries | *n̍a-/n̍kʷ- | ||
(day)lighf | *n̍aː- | ||
look | *n̍aːk- | ||
upstream or south | *n̍al(a) | ||
one | *n̍am- | ||
tired | *n̍am- | ||
die instantly from blow | *n̍apxtaː- | ||
drink | *n̍a(ː)q- | ||
work magic | *n̍awala- | ||
wait | *n̍aw(kʷ)-/naw(kʷ)- | ||
crazy or disturbed | *n̍awɬ(aːwi)-/n̍awɬ(aːwi)- | ||
cover | *n̍axʷ- | ||
climb (mountain) | *n̍aχ- | ||
wolverine | *n̍aƛ’(aʔi)- | ||
dip or sink | *n̍iː- | ||
thread or sew | *n̍i(ː)(q)-/q’in- | ||
short | *n̍iːc- | ||
tell or say | *n̍ik- | ||
hold in claws | *n̍ikʷ- | ||
penis | *n̍ik’ | ||
grunt | *n̍iɬq- | ||
small bird | *n̍iːn̍i(ː)č-/n̍ayn̍iays- | ||
salmon roe | *n̍ixʷ- | ||
in turmoil | *n̍iƛ(χʷ)- | ||
lie back | *n̍iƛ- | ||
turn inside out | *n̍iƛk- | ||
make fun of | *n̍uː- | ||
old or wise | *n̍u(ʔ)aq- | ||
egg | *n̍uč’akʷ | ||
steam | *n̍uk- | ||
sing | *n̍ul-/nul- | ||
elder brother or sister | *n̍ula- | ||
push or lean against | *n̍uɬ- | ||
all | *n̍uːm̍(a) | ||
use sling | *n̍unk- | ||
scattered | *n̍uːpi- | ||
harpoon shaft | *n̍uːpiyaq’/nuːpiyaq’ | ||
swallow | *n̍uqʷ- | ||
abscess | *n̍uqʷiʔiː | ||
tell stories | *n̍us- | ||
get tangled or argue | *n̍us- | ||
distribute property | *n̍uš- | ||
become sun-cracked | *n̍uxʷ- | ||
naughty | *n̍ix-/nx- | ||
near | *n̍xʷ(a)- | ||
flat (layer) | *pa(ƛ)-/p(a)q- | ||
across | *pakʷ-/pak’ʷ- | ||
flood or overflow | *paɬ- | ||
filet | *paːɬ- | ||
soak (to soften) | *pa(ː)s- | ||
yawn | *paːstaq- | ||
Raven’s wife | *paːšχ(s)uk | ||
wild rose fruit | *patq’aywa | ||
lose or be lost | *pawaɬ- | ||
nest | *paːχʷac | ||
peel off inner bark | *pays- | ||
flare up | *paƛ- | ||
grave or corpse | *piːcksy̍iː/piːcksiʔiː | ||
flat or thin | *pil(kʷ)-/pil’(kʷ)- | ||
sword fern (game) | *pila(y)pila(y) | ||
liver | *pi(ː)laːq | ||
tight | *piɬ(q)- | ||
dampen | *piqʷ- | ||
move about | *pi(ː)s(at)- | ||
whistle | *pi(ʔ)s-/pik- | ||
wink or close eyes | *pišq- | ||
aim or look at | *piːχ- | ||
bladder | *pizac’i | ||
fill up or swell | *pn- | ||
clear or make easy (to traverse) | *psila | ||
give medicine | *pt- | ||
starve | *pu- | ||
swell or blow up | *puː(xʷ)- | ||
blow horn | *puːtq- | ||
dreaming | *pu(ː)w̍is- | ||
float | *puxʷ-/p’uxʷ- | ||
warm or heat | *px- | ||
cut or split | *pχ-/bχ- | ||
heal (shaman) | *pχ- | ||
wither | *pχʷ- | ||
fin or palm | *pƛa | ||
handle (small objects) | *p’a(ː)- | ||
foam up | *p’ac- | ||
dark | *p’ad- | ||
pluck (feathers) | *p’al- | ||
work | *p’a(ʔa)la | ||
large canoe | *p’amw̍aɬ | ||
cranberry | *p’ap’aʔis | ||
chiton | *p’aq’am/p’aq’ʷam | ||
goods | *p’atqʷ- | ||
ear | *p’ayp’ay(ʔiː)/p’asp’ay(ʔiː) | ||
decayed | *p’ayq-/p’anq- | ||
peek | *p’aχ-/paχ- | ||
string out | *p’aƛ- | ||
soft material | *p’iɬuq- | ||
hard | *p’is- | ||
grope | *p’ixʷ- | ||
gather (fish or birds) | *p’kʷ-/pkʷ- | ||
blunt | *p’lq- | ||
fog | *p’lχla | ||
sister-in-law | *p’lχʷ-/p’lxʷ- | ||
blink | *p’ɬ- | ||
gasp or groan | *p’nq-/ʔnq- | ||
taste | *p’q- | ||
halibut | *p’uː(xʷ)- | ||
moss | *p’ul- | ||
bubble up | *p’uɬ- /m̍uɬ- | ||
tired | *p’us- | ||
dent or bend | *p’us(k)-/p’aws(k)- | ||
because or for (that) | *qa- | ||
nits or lice eggs | *qac’aɬiːna | ||
watertight basket | *qačaqapɬ/qačaqamɬ | ||
hat | *qa(y)it | ||
three | *qakc’a | ||
lose (in game) | *qak’ʷ- | ||
cook fish beside fire | *qalakʷa | ||
boil | *qalamitq- | ||
wake of fish in water | *qalat(la) | ||
walk or roam | *qaɬ-/qas- | ||
younger brother | *qaɬaːtikʷ | ||
trap | *qam- | ||
deer | *qamila | ||
rise (smoke or haze) | *qap- | ||
spring salmon | *qap(s) | ||
orphan | *qaqayaʔak | ||
cut in two | *qa(ː)t- | ||
hard | *qat-/qan- | ||
listen | *qaxʷ-/qaχʷ- | ||
forked or barbed | *qa(ː)χ- | ||
clear throat | *qaχ-/qaʔχ- | ||
die or dead | *qaχ- | ||
pack basket | *qaʔawac | ||
kind of flat fish | *qc’- | ||
kind of knife | *qc’m/gc’m | ||
be or put on side (head) | *qiɬ-/qix- | ||
spirit of Wolf Ritual | *qi(ː)šim/qi(ː)šam | ||
bass | *qit’ap | ||
make fast with loop | *qix(t)- | ||
fade or decay | *qiχ- | ||
lie | *qlkʷ- | ||
preserve food with grease | *qlxʷ- | ||
egg | *qlχ- | ||
adze | *qns- | ||
put on shoes | *qnχ- | ||
be or put upside down | *qp- | ||
give hunting cry (dogs) | *qq- | ||
coil | *qs-/gs- | ||
if | *quː/qaw | ||
drift | *quqʷ- | ||
be hard or tough | *qu(ː)t(k)- | ||
freeze | *qu(ː)xʷ- | ||
man or Indian | *quːʔas | ||
soul or shadow | *quʔaːyič’ina | ||
beautiful | *qʷac’aɬ | ||
swan | *qʷaǧʷuː(qʷ)/ğʷaǧʷuː(qʷ) | ||
seagull | *qʷaliː/qʷalali | ||
cut open (fish) | *qʷaq- | ||
swing | *qʷaqʷafri | ||
flower or down | *qʷas- | ||
intentionally | *qʷaːss(a)ʔuχ | ||
crunchy | *qʷax- | ||
show | *qʷaχʷ- | ||
smoke | *qʷayx-/kʷayx- | ||
wolf | *qʷayac’iːk | ||
needle | *qʷaʔχʷba | ||
untie | *qʷiɬ- | ||
far side | *qʷis-/χʷis- | ||
hemlock | *qʷiƛ’aqmapt | ||
parent or child-in-law | *qʷiːʔi(qsu) | ||
excrement | *qʷms- | ||
worry | *qʷu(ʔ)iqla | ||
thumb | *qʷuna | ||
bulge | *qʷuqʷ- | ||
dancing blanket | *qʷutix | ||
full | *qʷut’- | ||
dust or powder | *qʷχ-/qʷχʷ- | ||
find | *q’a- | ||
wound | *q’a(čaq)- | ||
straight or hit | *q’a(p)- | ||
cataleptic state in ritual | *q’ac(aː)- | ||
continually | *q’aːcuk | ||
expert at | *q’ac’ik | ||
cut off | *q’akʷ- | ||
slave | *q’a(ː)kʷu(ː)/qaxʷ(iːɬ) | ||
flounder | *q’alaɬč’a(ʔuː) | ||
curl up | *q’alxʷ-/q’anxʷ- | ||
chamber pot | *q’a(ː)ɬ- | ||
braid | *q’aɬ- | ||
green or unripe | *q’am(ʔs)- | ||
sing (for dancers) | *q’amat- | ||
cottonwood | *q’a(ː)mi(ː)-/q’a(ː)ni(ː)- | ||
horse clams | *q’amiːq | ||
punish | *q’a(ː)m̍i- | ||
sap-wood | *q’aihip’a-/q’arhap’a- | ||
willing to learn | *q’ap- | ||
put arms around | *q’apkʷ- | ||
slice fish for drying | *q’ap(a)ɬ- | ||
respond | *q’aq’awy̍u-/χawy̍u- | ||
eyebrow | *q’aq’ič(i) | ||
cave | *q’aq’iƛ/ʔaq’iƛ | ||
think | *q’aːs- | ||
chisel or adze | *q’a(ː)s(t)-/q’alt- | ||
poke with elbow | *q’as(k)- | ||
sea otter | *q’a(ʔ)sa | ||
bald | *q’asqiː | ||
string breaks | *q’aš- | ||
knee or elbow | *q’ašinukuma/q’uša(q)nukuma | ||
patch | *q’at-/q’an- | ||
thank | *q’atiq- | ||
curled up | *q’atxʷ- | ||
beaver | *q’at’axʷa | ||
fish nose | *q’awa(ː)n | ||
start to smell bad | *q’awaχʔit | ||
uncovered (at low tide) | *q’a(ː)xʷ- | ||
cloudy water | *q’aːyaq(a) | ||
lake | *q’aʔu(ː)- | ||
first menstruation | *q’ic’ayit | ||
hemlock needles | *q’ic’s | ||
give signal with head | *q’ičk(at)- | ||
smear or paint | *q’ilc-/q’ils- | ||
long feather | *q’i(yaː)ɬ- | ||
nettle | *q’i(ː)ɬmapt | ||
navel | *q’ima(ː)n(a) | ||
whirlpool | *q’imatq- | ||
dog | *q’iniːƛ(č) | ||
much or many | *q’inm | ||
speak kindly | *q’in̍a- | ||
wild currant | *q’is(ina) | ||
lie | *q’iːt(kʷ)- | ||
doubt | *q’itaːkʷ | ||
sweetheart | *q’iwiqsu | ||
driftwood | *q’iχ- | ||
mosquito | *q’iχa | ||
bite | *q’k- | ||
stationary | *q’k- | ||
rock clam | *q’km̞̍a | ||
long or deep | *q’l-/qʼlʼ- | ||
heavy or weight | *q’ls-/q’lc- | ||
carry in arms | *q’ɬ- | ||
lazy person | *q’ms(χd) | ||
brittle or crispy | *q’mxʷ-/qmxʷ- | ||
stop flowing (sap) | *q’n- | ||
scald | *q’nc-/q’ns- | ||
bad feeling in throat from rancid fat | *q’nq’χu | ||
chitons | *q’ns-/q’nc- | ||
fold or bundle | *q’ns- | ||
eat meat or fat | *q’s- | ||
be somewhere (person(s)) | *q’t- | ||
edible sea anemone | *q’(a)t- | ||
calm | *q’u(ː)(qʷ)-/q’ʷu(ː)qʷ- | ||
fruit | *q’uːc’aqtu(ː)p/q’ʷuːc’aqtu(ː)p | ||
loon or grebe | *q’uda(q) | ||
well up | *q’uɬ- | ||
bent | *q’uɬ-/q ʷuɬ- | ||
howl | *q’um-/q’m- | ||
copulate or move back and forth | *q’up(xʷ)- | ||
belly | *q’us(p’at’u)- | ||
alien (Salish) | *q’uːsap | ||
make use of a pole | *q’ut- | ||
translate | *q’uːy̍ap- | ||
medicine | *q’u(ː)y̍i | ||
eat herring eggs | *q’x- | ||
six | *q’ƛ’a- | ||
stand (plural objects) | *q’ʷa- | ||
partialdried or soaked | *q’ʷac’aqakʷ | ||
get up | *q’ʷakliɬ | ||
twist | *q’ʷal-/q’ʷaƛ- | ||
uncle or brother of male | *q’ʷali(kʷ)- | ||
bum to cinders | *q’ʷaɬ- | ||
heron or crane | *q’ʷaːnis/q’ʷaːlis | ||
lupine or clover root | *q’ʷans- | ||
grow | *q’ʷa(ː)q-/q’ʷaːχ- | ||
shark | *q’ʷaqʷ- | ||
crowded together | *q’ʷat’- | ||
cry | *q’ʷay(q)-/q’ʷa(ː)s- | ||
autumn | *q’ʷa(ː)y̍iː(ʔi)čχ | ||
pick sprouts | *q’ʷaʔɬ- | ||
rotten | *q’ʷil-/q’ʷayl- | ||
sticky or rubbery | *q’ʷin-/q’ʷinat- | ||
snot | *q’ʷin(a)tmis | ||
char bottom of canoe | *q’ʷiːq- | ||
squeeze | *q’ʷi(ʔ)s- | ||
scratch | *q’ʷit-/q’ʷiɬ- | ||
Mink (in stories) | *q’ʷityaːt/kʷatyaːt | ||
collapse or crumble | *q’ʷiːƛ-/q’ʷiːɬ- | ||
do on one’s own | *q’ʷ(i)l- | ||
alive or survive | *q’ʷla- | ||
ticklish | *q’ʷlqʷ- | ||
end | *q’ʷl’(ba) | ||
hide s.th. or do secretly | *q’ʷl’aƛ a | ||
liver | *q’ʷm(m)s | ||
poke or pierce | *q’ʷmt- | ||
roll down (rocks) | *q’ʷmx- | ||
often | *q’ʷn-/q’ʷl- | ||
fat | *q’ʷnk- | ||
swallow after chewing | *q’ʷnqʷ- | ||
take apart | *q’ʷqʷ- | ||
drizzle | *q’ʷs- | ||
scar | *q’ʷt- | ||
standing out or more | *q’ʷu(m)- | ||
stump | *q’ʷumaqmi | ||
pour or sprinkle | *q’ʷup- | ||
bladder | *q’ʷuqʷac | ||
mountain | *q’ʷuq’ʷs | ||
neck | *q’ʷuq’ʷun̍i | ||
eat berry cake | *q’ʷut- | ||
dress | *q’ʷuχʷ- | ||
wise | *sa- | ||
crawl | *sa(χ)- | ||
one or alone | *sa-/saχʷ- | ||
spear | *sa(ʔak)- | ||
sharp | *sačk- | ||
sea urchin | *sačkaːp(ɬ) | ||
unceasingly | *sač’- | ||
bracken fern | *sagʷm | ||
additional | *saka | ||
rush or reed | *salaχaɬ | ||
lips | *saliqti/saliqʷti | ||
ring finger | *sal’(ayu) | ||
song of love or lament | *sal’ala | ||
shark | *samaːs | ||
Douglas fir | *sama(ː)χtaqapt | ||
kelp fishing line | *sana(p’aɬ) | ||
peel cedar bark | *sanq- | ||
skin or turn back | *sap- | ||
hummingbird | *saːsin | ||
offspring | *sasm | ||
itch | *sa(ː)tq- | ||
use (a means of transport) | *saw̍ati | ||
cover | *say- | ||
far | *sayaː-/χayaː- | ||
travel (by water) | *sayk- | ||
whistle | *saːyupq-/saːwupq- | ||
seal | *saʔkʷ- | ||
use a stick or pole | *siː- | ||
maggot | *siːc(maːna) | ||
fish chowder | *siču(ʔ)iː | ||
blueberry (bush) | *sikʷ- | ||
bend or crooked | *si(ʔ)kʷ- | ||
huckleberry | *silm- | ||
snake | *siɬm | ||
wolverine or marten | *siɬsi- | ||
roast fish over coals | *simit- | ||
stick bait on hook | *si(ː)p’iq- | ||
suppurate | *si(ː)q- | ||
cooked or ripe | *si(ː)q- | ||
split lengthwise | *si(ː)t- | ||
tail | *sit’a- | ||
peel | *six- | ||
rash or sores | *sixʷ(iʔiː) | ||
herring eggs | *siːχm̍uː/χiːcm̍uʔuː | ||
I | *siy̍a(ː) | ||
fishing for octopus | *siy̍uːp | ||
have others do one’s work | *sɬ- | ||
extract oolachen oil | *smk- | ||
mouth | *sms- | ||
think | *s(i)n- | ||
whole | *sn(ala) | ||
nits or louse eggs | *sndn | ||
flash | *sp- | ||
inedible red berry | *sp’uli/sp’a(w)li | ||
take | *su(ː)- | ||
you | *suː(k)- | ||
tree | *suč’(as) | ||
five | *suk’a(ː)- | ||
drill | *sul(t)- | ||
sand | *sup’icmis | ||
pleased | *suqʷ- | ||
swim | *sus- | ||
thunder | *su(ː)w̍aː | ||
spiderweb | *suːyaq | ||
sawbill duck | *sχm | ||
mixed up | *šaːxt(akʷ) | ||
flee | *šaxʷ- | ||
purse or draw together (lips) | *šiq- | ||
brush off | *šiš- | ||
fern | *šiƛ a | ||
freight canoe | *ši(ː)ƛ(uq)sac | ||
rust | *šuχ- | ||
halibut | *šuːyuːɬ | ||
drift or wade | *taː- | ||
still | *ta(ː)kaː | ||
belly | *ta(ː)k’- | ||
warm oneself | *taɬ- | ||
drip | *tarhaqʷa | ||
mosquito | *tana(kʷ)(mas) | ||
cannibal dancer | *tanis | ||
cross-piece | *ta(ː)pʔa(ma) | ||
oolachen net | *taqaʔɬ | ||
earthquake | *taqiː | ||
hold or squeeze | *ta(ː)qʷ-/tap(q)- | ||
cover | *taqʷ- | ||
walk with cane or staff | *taq’aɬ- | ||
rub on | *tas- | ||
older brother | *ta(ː)yiː/taːyaːyu | ||
fish or seal club | *taːyi(ː)n(iɬ) | ||
sick | *taʔ(iɬ) | ||
sea cucumber | *taːʔiniwa | ||
fall or sink | *tiː(kʷ)-/tay(kʷ)- | ||
alive or healthy | *tiːč- | ||
sea otter | *tiːčaq | ||
flick or bounce | *t(i)k- | ||
splash | *tilxʷ-/taʔilxʷ- | ||
fish bait | *tiːɬ- | ||
octopus | *tiːɬ(uːp) | ||
skunk cabbage | *timaːt/timuːt | ||
wade or kick in water | *timqʷ-/timq- | ||
vibrate | *tims-/timx- | ||
covered in sweat or dew | *tiniqa | ||
squash or smash | *ti(ɬ)q- | ||
laugh | *ti(ː)xʷ-/ti(ː)kʷ- | ||
green or yellow | *tiχ- | ||
(eat) cured salmon eggs | *tmkʷ- | ||
cover with dirt | *tqʷ- | ||
(lake) trout | *tq’ani | ||
octopus | *tq’ʷa | ||
press against | *ts- | ||
walk | *tu- | ||
pluck | *tucq-/tucχ- | ||
stretch tight | *tučiɬ- | ||
east (wind) | *tuč’a- | ||
skin or hide | *tukʷaq | ||
soft | *tulqʷ- | ||
dark spot | *tu(ː)m-/tu(ː)p- | ||
garbage | *tumu(ː)s | ||
hereditary privileges | *tupaːt(i) | ||
ling cod | *tuškaːwiχ | ||
bunched up | *tu(ː)xq-/tu(ː)χʷ- | ||
become afraid | *tuːχ- | ||
spruce | *tuːχmapt | ||
fish with line | *t’a(p)- | ||
lean | *t’a(ː)(χ)- | ||
sudden | *t’aččiƛ- | ||
sardines | *t’ačk’umc | ||
scratch | *t’akʷ- | ||
fish gills | *t’ak’ʷas | ||
slice fish | *t’aɬ- | ||
lash or tie | *t’am- | ||
drum or beat time | *t’am(s)- | ||
kingfisher | *t’a(ː)mu(ː)kʷ | ||
stacked or layered | *t’aːna- | ||
carry on back | *t’anup- | ||
child | *t’a(ː)n̍a | ||
think | *t’apat- | ||
close eyes | *t’apɬ-/t’amɬ- | ||
straight (opposite) | *t’a(ː)q-/t’aʔχ- | ||
give up | *t’aq(aː)- | ||
scatter or distribute | *t’aq- | ||
noon | *t’aqasiː | ||
truthful | *t’aqu- | ||
believe | *t’a(ː)qʷ- | ||
shiver | *t’as- | ||
dive | *t’a(ː)(m)s-/da(ː)(m)s- | ||
hawk | *t’at’ak’ʷ(k’uk) | ||
insect | *t’at’apw̍an(a) | ||
bucking the wind (in canoe) | *t’aːt’aːwic | ||
star | *t’a(ː)w- | ||
overloaded | *t’awaːkʷ- | ||
trail or way | *t’ax- | ||
pad | *t’aykʷ-/t’ayk- | ||
anchored | *t’ayuː- | ||
necklace | *t’aː(ʔa)numa | ||
kind of canoe | *t’gʷn | ||
lie in wait | *t’i-/t’ay- | ||
(stone) weight | *t’i(ː) | ||
fern (root) | *t’ibam- | ||
drum in rapid beat | *t’ick- | ||
sit or lie back | *t’ik-/t’iːqʷ- | ||
dig with digging stick | *t’iːkʷ- | ||
hang | *t’ikʷ- | ||
hiccup | *t’i(ː)k’ʷacq- | ||
soak | *t’i(ː)ɬ- | ||
step on | *t’ip- | ||
(handle) mushy stuff | *t’iqʷ- | ||
carry bulky thing on shoulders | *t’ix- | ||
black eye | *t’ixʷ- | ||
(wipe) tears | *t’iχ- | ||
thicken or curdle | *t’iʔk-/t’iʔkʷ- | ||
soil or clay | *t’k- | ||
jump (fish) | *t’lm- | ||
cranberry | *t’ls- | ||
old canoe | *t’m(s)- | ||
shrivel up | *t’mkʷ- | ||
gooseberry | *t’mxʷ-/tmxʷ- | ||
close (to another person) | *t’(a)n-/t’(a)n- | ||
cold | *t’ns/t’nc- | ||
hard | *t’nx-/d(i)x- | ||
climb | *t’p- | ||
blame | *t’q- | ||
clover root | *t’qʷ- | ||
chest | *t’q’bu(ʔa) | ||
pound | *t’s- | ||
giant sea urchin | *t’uc’up | ||
shred cedar bark by pounding | *t’ulxʷ- | ||
lump | *t’um(q)-/t’un(k)- | ||
cattail or reed | *t’u(ː)na(ː)xʷ | ||
happy | *t’uːp(uk) | ||
sneeze | *t’up’icx- | ||
narrow opening | *t’u(ː)qʷ-/t’u(ː)kʷ- | ||
cut | *t’u(ː)s-/t’u(ː)c- | ||
rabbit | *t’ut’upč’as | ||
waves | *t’uxʷa | ||
head | *t’uχʷ-/t’uq- | ||
river or stream | *wa- | ||
say or speak | *waː(ɬ)- | ||
well now | *waː(y)/w̍a(y) | ||
murre | *waːcq’aš | ||
periwinkle | *wac’aːy̍i | ||
(carry) firewood | *wa(ː)č- | ||
thin skin | *wač’in(a) | ||
go | *wahaːkʷ | ||
return or circle | *wal(x)-/wal(k)- | ||
larynx | *wani(ː)q | ||
herring | *wan̍(ay)i(ʔ) | ||
red snapper | *wa(ː)n̍uɬ | ||
frog | *wa(ː)q’(it) | ||
cape | *waqʷ- | ||
spawn | *was- | ||
pit of stomach | *wasdm/w̍asdm | ||
try | *wax- | ||
bee or wasp | *waxaːc’iɬuɬ | ||
fart | *wa(ː)xʷ-/w̍a(ː)xʷ | ||
throw away | *waχ-/w̍aχ- | ||
weak | *wayɬ-/w̍ayƛ- | ||
go back | *waƛ’aq- | ||
kelp perch | *waʔaqap | ||
sleep | *waʔič- | ||
lift | *wi- | ||
insufficient or fail | *wi(ː)- | ||
spring | *wi(ʔ)agiwa | ||
timid | *wiːc(ʔ)akʷ | ||
be late | *wic’a- | ||
thoughtless | *wičaq- | ||
barren (woman) | *wikaχuɬ | ||
easy | *wikcuk | ||
stormy weather | *wiki(ː)c’aχ(akʷ) | ||
unwilling to give | *wikiːma | ||
absent | *wik’iːt | ||
beach | *wil’/wiʔl | ||
sturdy or durable | *wiːmiːɬ | ||
raid | *wiːna-/w̍ina- | ||
fear | *wiːnač/wiːn̍ač | ||
weary of | *wipax- | ||
feeble | *wipxuːɬ | ||
angry or stormy | *wiːq- | ||
blunt | *wisaqaɬ/wičaqaɬ | ||
dark | *wist(i)q’a- | ||
lie back | *wiχ- | ||
miss | *wi(ː)yi(ː)- | ||
stingy | *wiːyiːk | ||
never | *wiːy̍a | ||
go out (fire) | *wiƛ’aq-/w̍iƛ’aq- | ||
baby seal | *wliqʷ/w̍liqʷ | ||
afraid | *wlq-/w̍lq- | ||
at short notice | *wlxʷ- | ||
love charm | *wlχʷ- | ||
without help or in vain | *wɬ- | ||
use a plug | *wn- | ||
milk | *wnbis | ||
go on! | *wnina/w̍nina | ||
scorch | *wniqʷa | ||
antlers | *wƛ- | ||
do as group | *w̍a(ː)- | ||
hunt with dogs | *w̍aː(s)- | ||
bark | *w̍aːk-/wa(ː)ɬ(yuq)- | ||
on both ends or sides | *w̍a(ː)ks- | ||
hiccup | *w̍ak’pa | ||
temples | *w̍aɬw̍aɬ | ||
leftover food | *w̍aːmuːt/m̍aːmuːt | ||
move one’s belongings | *w̍arh- | ||
exchange | *w̍an- | ||
lover | *w̍anak | ||
annoyed | *w̍an̍iqa | ||
water (down) | *w̍ap- | ||
feed visitors | *w̍aːq- | ||
cough | *w̍asaq- | ||
pull | *w̍at- | ||
kelp | *w̍at-/wat- | ||
mass of land or water | *w̍aw(is) | ||
smoke | *w̍aχ- | ||
where or which | *w̍ay(a)/way(a)- | ||
sibling of opposite sex | *w̍aʔq’ʷa | ||
lift head | *w̍ick- | ||
clear or bare | *w̍ičq- | ||
carry load on shoulders | *w̍ik- | ||
thin | *w̍iɬ | ||
(go to) bottom | *w̍inq- | ||
float deep | *w̍ins- | ||
male | *w̍ism | ||
deflate | *w̍iš(akʷ)/w̍išk(akʷ) | ||
early morning | *w̍i(ʔ)uƛ | ||
use branches | *w̍l- | ||
be affected (emotionally) | *w̍n- | ||
hair or fur | *w̍s- | ||
moose | *w̍zik | ||
rib | *xaka | ||
respect or care for | *xaɬ- | ||
woman or girl | *xaːnaʔakʷ | ||
separate | *xas(k)- | ||
peek | *xat- | ||
show teeth or grin | *xic-/xis- | ||
sniff | *xins-/nix(s)- | ||
red hot | *xiq- | ||
raise | *xit- | ||
move | *xiƛ- | ||
be or put s.th. limp | *xlq- | ||
lasso or snare | *xm̍- | ||
spray | *xs-/xiɬ- | ||
crumble | *xʷac(akʷ)-/χʷayc(akʷ)- | ||
swell | *xʷak- | ||
(travel in) canoe | *xʷakʷ- | ||
flare up | *xʷam̍at- | ||
prepare for s.th. | *xʷas- | ||
rake or scratch | *xʷat-/kʷat- | ||
swaying | *xʷaʔic-/xʷayʔis- | ||
cross piece of halibut hooks | *xʷc’χλanu | ||
return or turn over | *xʷiɬ-/xʷa(y)iɬ- | ||
brush past | *xʷinš- | ||
swing a line | *xʷiq- | ||
stick out | *xʷit- | ||
hollow or open | *xʷlp- | ||
sting | *xʷm(q)- | ||
nose | *xʷmaq | ||
cold spring | *xʷnis | ||
female duck | *xʷubi | ||
Indian rice | *xʷukʷm | ||
boiled salmon eggs | *xʷuɬ- | ||
take a rest | *xʷus- | ||
very or too | *χa(ː)- | ||
over there or downriver | *χaː-/χaw- | ||
unafraid | *χaːca- | ||
all used up | *χaːčat- | ||
deep | *χaːčiː | ||
woman’s brother | *χačims(iqsu) | ||
chiefs wife | *χaku(ː)m(a) | ||
do in person | *χamaka | ||
evade | *χam(a)q- | ||
dry (fish) | *χams- | ||
know | *χamup- | ||
stay overnight | *χaiha- | ||
trying hard | *χanuːs | ||
naked | *χa(ː)n̍a- | ||
relaxed | *χapux- | ||
bright | *χas- | ||
oil hair | *χat- | ||
lucky in love | *χat’ap- | ||
loon | *χaːw̍i(ː)/χaːwi(ː) | ||
bone | *χa(ː)x/χa(ː)xaq- | ||
advise | *χa(ː)χap(χta)- | ||
barnacle-like shell-fish | *χa(ː)ya- | ||
widowed or unmarried | *χay(g)iɬ- | ||
rot or excrement | *χays-/χayc- | ||
cradle | *χaʔp’i | ||
cedar storage box | *χcm | ||
river canoe | *χc’aʔi | ||
crawl | *χi(ː)- | ||
bend over | *χi(n)- | ||
sweep or brush off | *χikʷ- | ||
wood shavings | *χi(ː)x- | ||
licorice fern | *χi(ː)χiʔita | ||
mountain lion | *χiʔina | ||
bark | *χ(a)kʷ- | ||
scrape up with fingers | *χlp- | ||
low class or alone | *χ(a)m- | ||
handle a hollow object | *χms- | ||
damage or ruin | *χmƛ- | ||
little or few | *χn- | ||
carrot | *χtm | ||
split (wood) | *χu- | ||
scoop up | *χul-/χuːt- | ||
jellyfish | *χul(χ)ulw̍a(mac) | ||
large mussel | *χuɬ(a) | ||
sole | *χuɬapiχ | ||
red cedar | *χum- | ||
snore | *χumt- | ||
gather material for fire | *χup- | ||
rough | *χup- | ||
hollow inverted object | *χu(l)qʷ- | ||
mask | *χuqʷawuma | ||
splash | *χu(ː)s-/χu(ː)t- | ||
be or put long thing | *χƛ- | ||
maggot-infested | *χʷas(a) | ||
unable | *χʷi- (-’aːχ) | ||
stir | *χʷit- | ||
tomcod | *χʷlcus/χʷlsus | ||
mark with a groove | *χʷlk- | ||
sharpen with a file | *χʷlqʷ- | ||
venereal disease | *χʷmsa | ||
shake or shiver | *χʷn- | ||
burnt up (fire) | *χʷn- | ||
child | *χʷn(u)kʷ | ||
slimy | *χʷuɬ-/χʷus- | ||
boil | *χʷus- | ||
cut | *χʷut- | ||
that | *yaː/y̍aː | ||
move or step | *ya(ː)(c)-/y̍a(ː)- | ||
kick | *yack- | ||
dogfish | *yača(ʔaː) | ||
wrapped bundle | *ya(ː)čqamɬ | ||
bent | *ya(ː)k- | ||
sore | *yalkʷ-/y̍lkʷ | ||
there | *yaːɬ | ||
right away | *yaniː | ||
that which | *yaqʷ- | ||
woodworms | *yaqʷ(aʔ)i | ||
hunt fur seal | *ya(ː)šma- | ||
rattle (dance) | *yaːt-/y̍at- | ||
stay a while | *yawasa | ||
shout or groan | *yaːχ- | ||
friend or relative | *yaːyaqw̍at/yay̍aqew̍at | ||
species of tree | *yayaw̍al’as | ||
that yonder | *yi(ː)-/y̍i(ː)- | ||
meaning | *yilaqʷa | ||
chief | *yim̍as/him̍as | ||
trained or tamed | *yi(ʔ)ut- | ||
rub or smear | *ylχ- | ||
weave | *yp- | ||
blow (wind) | *yu(ː)- | ||
three | *(wiː)yu(ː)(d)- | ||
safe harbour | *yuːɬ | ||
fast | *yu(ː)x- | ||
prepare for departure | *yuxta- | ||
lungs | *yuxw-/xʷu(ː)- | ||
float or drift | *yu(ː)xʷ- | ||
give off hot air | *yuxʷ- | ||
early | *yuːyu(ː) | ||
layer of fat or tallow | *yxʷsmi(ʔ) | ||
possessions | *yχƛn | ||
wrap around | *yƛ- | ||
blame self or others | *y̍aː- | ||
send | *y̍a(p)-/ya(p)- | ||
bad | *y̍ak-/y̍axʷ- | ||
lie (long thing) | *y̍aːqʷ- | ||
spread apart | *y̍as-/y̍aɬ- | ||
hello! | *y̍aw | ||
give gifts | *y̍a(ː)x-/yaʔax- | ||
molten | *y̍aχ- | ||
unsatisfactory or unable | *y̍im-/y̍um- | ||
(man’s) brother-in-law | *y̍ima- | ||
knit | *y̍q- | ||
that (near you) | *y̍u(ː)- | ||
narrow | *y̍učk- | ||
rain | *y̍ugʷ- | ||
woman’s younger brother | *y̍ukʷi- | ||
taboo | *y̍uma(ak)/numa(ak) | ||
thicket or brush | *y̍um̍uːk/y̍uːmuːk | ||
also | *y̍uːqʷa | ||
sip or spoon up | *y̍us- | ||
little finger | *y̍uy̍uːkʷicn̍ukuma | ||
rise (tide) or flood | *y̍χʷ- | ||
dance | *y̍χʷ-/yχʷ- | ||
extend limb | *zakʷ-/zikʷ- | ||
(suck at) breast | *zam̍a | ||
wind from the sea | *zaq ʷ(a) | ||
dark coloured | *zas-/zaq- | ||
oolachen (candlefish) | *zaxʷn | ||
move or function | *zikʷ- | ||
stop speaking or crying | *ziq- | ||
old salmon | *zlk- | ||
crawl under | *zlχ- | ||
be emotionally attached to | *zn̍- | ||
scratch or rub | *zuk- | ||
fill | *zum(p)-/zu(ː)p- | ||
sasquatch | *zunuq’ʷa | ||
sleet | *zuq’ʷqla/cuq’ʷqla | ||
cohoe salmon | *zu(ː)xʷ- | ||
log or pole | *zuxʷm | ||
stand | *λa(ː)- | ||
wedge | *λa(ː)-/ƛa(ː)- | ||
near | *λa(wa)- | ||
fish with a net | *λak- | ||
ocean perch | *λama(w̍a) | ||
dig | *λa(ː)p- | ||
(drive) peg | *λa(ː)p’iq- | ||
get up | *λaχʷliɬ | ||
(with) another | *λaʔu(ː) | ||
cinquefoil | *λiksa(ʔ)m | ||
borrow | *λikʷ(u) | ||
name or call | *λiq- | ||
steer boat | *λix(k)-/ƛix(k)- | ||
leave on boat trip | *λiχ-/ƛiχ- | ||
scab or sore | *λm- | ||
bolt door | *λnika | ||
supernatural power | *λuːgʷ-/λuːkʷ- | ||
wide | *λukʷ-/ƛ ukʷ- | ||
nephew or cousin | *λul’(iʔ) | ||
crosswise | *λux-/ƛux- | ||
platform | *ƛa- | ||
sing chant (doctoring) | *ƛa(ː)čit- | ||
stand (human) | *ƛaki(ː)š- | ||
stay quietly in place | *ƛanaː- | ||
vibrating | *ƛan̍iχ- | ||
raccoon | *ƛapisam | ||
shoulder blade | *ƛaq’ʷdn | ||
foreign | *ƛaːsa- | ||
stiff | *ƛatč-/ƛašt- | ||
paddle | *ƛatw̍a- | ||
shallow or low | *ƛawaːč’a(y) | ||
look for lice | *ƛax- | ||
shout | *ƛaχ- | ||
ten | *ƛaχʷa | ||
extra | *ƛaya(ma) | ||
metal | *ƛay̍akʷ | ||
woodpecker | *ƛaƛamaɬp’ič | ||
kind of snipe | *ƛaƛasic | ||
blood | *ƛaːƛaːw̍aqmis | ||
beat time | *ƛiq-/ƛiχ- | ||
foot or leg | *ƛišƛina/ƛiʔiščina | ||
shinny game | *ƛiːyuːq’ʷaʔa/ƛ’iːyuːq’ʷaʔa | ||
milky water | *ƛiʔχstu/ƛ’iʔχstu | ||
unhappy or wilting | *ƛnqʷ- | ||
burst | *ƛp- | ||
catch (with fish trap) | *ƛq- | ||
raven | *ƛuːkʷšuːna | ||
good or even | *ƛu(ː)ɬ- | ||
do slowly | *ƛuːɬ(aː)- | ||
herring | *ƛus(mit) | ||
temporary camp | *ƛuːʔ(uː)is | ||
black bear | *ƛ’a(ʔi) | ||
outwards or seawards | *ƛ’aː(s) | ||
fat | *ƛ’ac- | ||
fold | *ƛ’ač- | ||
black stone | *ƛ’ačamɬ | ||
collapse | *ƛ’ačk- | ||
kind of snail | *ƛ’aːčkʷaːl(a) | ||
kneel or lean on | *ƛ’akʷ- | ||
spreader bar (for fishing) | *ƛ’aːk’ʷiɬ/ƛ’aːk’ʷuɬ | ||
long canoe | *ƛ’aːla(y̍) | ||
do bad things | *ƛ’alaqak | ||
cockle | *ƛ’ala(ː)ʔuma/ƛ‘aƛ’a(ː)ʔuma | ||
surface (whale) | *ƛ’aɬ- | ||
make use of stick | *ƛ’am- | ||
fat or blubber | *ƛ’amas | ||
hard to split | *ƛ’amχʷ- | ||
hemlock (bark) | *ƛ’ank- | ||
hold legs or arms together or to body | *ƛ’ap- | ||
throw mushy substance | *ƛ’apq- | ||
slap or pat | *ƛ’apχ-/ƛ aqʷ- | ||
grow or stretch | *ƛ’a(ː)q- | ||
come undone or open | *ƛ’aqɬ- | ||
copper or red | *ƛ’aqʷ- | ||
grease or slippery | *ƛ’a(ː)s-/ƛ’a(ː)c- | ||
naked | *ƛ’askimɬ | ||
thrash or kick | *ƛ’ašitq- | ||
adzing | *ƛ’axʷ- | ||
stiff | *ƛ’aχ- | ||
stop crying | *ƛ’aχ- | ||
flat(wise) | *ƛ’aχ- | ||
alongside | *ƛ’aχiːnkʷ | ||
box | *ƛ’aχiːqs | ||
mask dance | *ƛ’a(ː)χsaːt’a(ma) | ||
steelhead trout | *ƛ’aχwlamas | ||
cliff | *ƛ’ay(c’)- | ||
envy | *ƛ’ayma | ||
beads | *ƛ’ay̍ala | ||
butterfly | *ƛ’aːƛ’a(ː)w̍a(ː)na | ||
sole or palm | *ƛ’a(ː)ƛ’a(ː)χ- | ||
lucky charm | *ƛ’aːʔin(a)wa | ||
steep | *ƛ’aʔnχla | ||
exchange gifts at feast | *ƛ’iː- | ||
walk | *ƛ’iː- | ||
shoot | *ƛ’i(ː)-/ƛ’ay- | ||
skin or fur | *ƛ’iː(s)-/ƛ’iːχ- | ||
blueberry | *ƛ’icƛʷapi(ː)χ | ||
creak | *ƛ’ič(k)- | ||
tattoo | *ƛ’ikʷ- | ||
smack lips | *ƛ’ik’ʷala | ||
finger-pulling game | *ƛ’ilu(ː)xst’aɬ | ||
comb or stroke | *ƛ’im-/ƛ’ip- | ||
barnacle | *ƛ’imi(χan) | ||
broth | *ƛ’imuš(cit)/ƛ’umuš(cit) | ||
ash | *ƛ’int(mis) | ||
oolachen (oil) | *ƛ’iːn̍a(ː) | ||
whale skin | *ƛ’i(ː)n̍i(mc) | ||
roll up or turn inside out | *ƛ’ip- | ||
cormorant | *ƛ’ip(uːs)/ƛ’u(ː)p- | ||
spawning of herrings | *ƛ’iq(la) | ||
break off | *ƛ’iqʷ- | ||
jack pine | *ƛ’iqʷas | ||
clay | *ƛ’iq’(a) | ||
white (hot) | *ƛ’i(ː)s- | ||
clearing or meadow | *ƛ’is(i)naːkʷ | ||
snow goose | *ƛ’ist’aχ/ƛ’istaχ | ||
widow | *ƛ’itw̍a(ckʷiː) | ||
store away | *ƛ’it’uqʷ- | ||
roll or tumble in a mass | *ƛ’ix- | ||
laugh | *ƛ’iːxʷ- | ||
red or bright | *ƛ’i(ː)χ- | ||
woodpecker | *ƛ’iχma | ||
skinny | *ƛ’iχuq | ||
explode or crackle | *ƛ’iƛq- | ||
turtle | *ƛ’iƛ’i(ː)kaq’an(i) | ||
marten | *ƛ’iƛ’iːχiy̍(uːχ) | ||
scallops | *ƛ’iːʔuq’ʷat-/ƛ’iːyaq’ʷat | ||
bulky object | *ƛ’k- | ||
kelp | *ƛ’kʷ- | ||
forget | *ƛ’l(i)- | ||
lose one’s voice | *ƛ’mɬ- | ||
crackle or spark | *ƛ’m(ʔ)s- | ||
bog cranberry | *ƛ’m(ʔ)sda(ʔ)ic’ | ||
look through comer of eyes | *ƛ’s- | ||
large mussel | *ƛ’uč’am(a) | ||
touch or press palm against | *ƛ’ul- | ||
elk | *ƛ’uːl-/ƛ’uʔul- | ||
peck or poke | *ƛ’um(k)- | ||
heartburn | *ƛ’umasχuɬ | ||
sweating | *ƛ’uːmiːχa/ƛ’upy̍iiha | ||
knot in wood | *ƛ’unk- | ||
heat up | *ƛ’u(ː)p-/ƛ’u(ː)m- | ||
go out (tide) | *ƛ’u(ː)p(s)- | ||
ribs | *ƛ’ups(uːc’) | ||
root | *ƛ’uːp’ak | ||
wide | *ƛ’uqʷ- | ||
bald or bare | *ƛ’uqʷ- | ||
empty or dry | *ƛ’uš- | ||
freeze | *ƛ’uχʷ- | ||
make pounding noise | *ƛ’uƛ’umu- | ||
pain or disease | *ƛ’uʔxʷ- | ||
eat a snack | *ƛ’xʷ- | ||
indicate one’s guess by pointing | *ƛ’χʷ- | ||
add grease to cooking | *ʔa- | ||
poor thing | *ʔaː(qayi)/q’ayi | ||
this or thus | *ʔa(χ)- | ||
wedge | *ʔač- | ||
pillow | *ʔaːčkʷuma | ||
fish eggs | *ʔačpaːma | ||
blind | *ʔa(ː)čuːɬ | ||
highly valued | *ʔad- | ||
call or ask for | *ʔa(ː)daː- | ||
all or every | *ʔag- | ||
gnaw | *ʔakt- | ||
sea lion | *ʔakwaːniš/ʔakwan̍iš | ||
vomit | *ʔaɬ- | ||
unpack | *ʔaɬqʷ- | ||
locative root | *ʔam-/ʔap- | ||
mother | *ʔam(a)-/ʔab(a)- | ||
hide | *ʔam(ta)-/ʔam(na) | ||
point of land | *ʔaːmap(i) | ||
small | *ʔamay | ||
practise craft | *ʔamus- | ||
notice s.th. (unusual) | *ʔam̍(aɬ)- | ||
first | *ʔam̍a/ʔamba(ː) | ||
yesterday or tomorrow | *ʔam̍ayu | ||
who | *ʔan(ga)-/ʔan(gʷa) | ||
so much or how much | *ʔana- | ||
fire | *ʔana(kʷ) | ||
coax into doing | *ʔanaɬ- | ||
goose | *ʔa(ʔa)naq/hanğa(ː)q | ||
really | *ʔaːni | ||
only | *ʔaːniːnaχi | ||
aunt or uncle | *ʔani(ː)s/ʔani(ː)c | ||
firewood | *ʔan(a)ksy̍i(ː)/ʔan(a)ksaʔi(ː) | ||
breast or suckle | *ʔanma | ||
go or slide sideways | *ʔans(aː)- | ||
smoulder (as torch) | *ʔanu(ː)-/n̍u(ː)- | ||
(gather) firewood | *ʔan(a)y̍aq- | ||
maggoty | *ʔap- | ||
(go after) abalone | *ʔap-/q’ap- | ||
carry on shoulders | *ʔap-/ʔam- | ||
divided in middle | *ʔapχtaːkʷ | ||
appear | *ʔaq- | ||
gape wide | *ʔaq- | ||
flock of birds above fish on ocean | *ʔas- | ||
fish out at sea | *ʔaːs-/ʔaːc- | ||
parent and child | *ʔasčiχ | ||
nephew or niece | *ʔaːsi- | ||
highborn child | *ʔasma | ||
whining | *ʔaškʷ- | ||
do sloppily | *ʔašχ- | ||
strain | *ʔat- | ||
but or even | *ʔat(a) | ||
night | *ʔatχiː/ʔatχiy | ||
thick | *ʔat’a | ||
slow | *ʔawak-/w̍ix- | ||
eagle | *ʔawatiːna | ||
separate or self | *ʔawgʷ-/ʔu(ː)gʷ- | ||
play | *ʔawl- | ||
shake | *ʔa(ː)xʷ- | ||
foam | *ʔaxʷ- | ||
many | *ʔaya- | ||
pass in front or bend round | *ʔaya-/ʔay(a)wa | ||
mischievous or tricky | *ʔayisaq(χ)- | ||
do quickly | *ʔayʔayiš(yaː) | ||
hand | *ʔay̍asu/hay̍asu | ||
then or next | *ʔa(ː)ƛ- | ||
away from the open | *ʔaƛ(ala) | ||
two | *ʔaƛa | ||
afterbirth | *ʔaƛaʔiː | ||
Wren (in stories) | *ʔaːʔapwaːy̍ik | ||
singing a lullaby | *ʔaːʔaːsic’ani | ||
earring | *ʔaːʔaːyaχim | ||
swallow (bird) | *ʔaʔa(ː)ƛ(ʔakƛi) | ||
eyebrow | *ʔaʔin(ix) | ||
herring eggs | *ʔaʔnt | ||
(catch) mouse or rat | *ʔaʔska- | ||
sandhill crane | *ʔ(a)dmgʷli | ||
keep s.th. raised | *ʔi-/y̍i- | ||
urinate (woman) | *ʔi(ʔ)asa | ||
fern | *ʔicma(pt) | ||
stump | *ʔiːc’uː | ||
expression of negative experience | *ʔi(y)i | ||
good or rich in flavour | *ʔi(ː)k-/ʔayk- | ||
spiteful or depressed | *ʔikat- | ||
son | *ʔi(ː)ki(ː) | ||
above | *ʔiːk’- | ||
wish or want to | *ʔin- | ||
a little | *ʔiniː(q) | ||
pinch | *ʔip- | ||
perform magic or healing | *ʔiːq-/y̍iːq- | ||
evade | *ʔiqʷ- | ||
remain | *ʔis- | ||
respect | *ʔi(ː)sa- | ||
and | *ʔiš | ||
gum | *ʔiš(c’i p) | ||
discard | *ʔišiƛ | ||
ouch! | *ʔiškata(x)/ʔiškina | ||
back or again | *ʔit- | ||
menstruate | *ʔiχnta | ||
big | *ʔiːχʷ | ||
brother- or sister-in-law | *ʔiyaː- | ||
talk | *ʔiyaq(χ)-/y̍aq(χ)- | ||
in view or about to | *ʔiyax-/y̍ayx(k)- | ||
be at | *ʔi(ː)yaχ- | ||
skunk | *ʔiʔilaχa(ː)yuːs | ||
blue-grey fish or whale | *ʔiʔišp’a(ː)ɬ | ||
understand | *ʔiʔuʔs | ||
fast or stable | *ʔl- | ||
tan skin | *ʔlakila | ||
hunt sea mammals | *ʔlixʷa | ||
bleed | *ʔlkʷ- | ||
sea slug | *ʔls-/ʔlc- | ||
kill | *ʔlx- | ||
meat or fat | *ʔlz-/ʔls- | ||
praise or honour | *ʔmiʔaχ(la)- | ||
stutter | *ʔmqʷ- | ||
thick, dense | *ʔms- | ||
sea urchin | *ʔmt-/ʔam̍t- | ||
ouch! | *ʔ(a)nana | ||
if | *ʔnaχʷa/ʔχʷa | ||
spruce tree | *ʔnhʔas/ʔliw̍as | ||
strip berries or squeeze out | *ʔnq- | ||
bruised | *ʔnxʷ- | ||
he or it (referential root) | *ʔu(ː)-/ʔuːχ | ||
real | *ʔu(ʔ)ala | ||
by or from | *ʔu(ː)ciyakt | ||
best | *ʔuːči(ː)maːn | ||
also | *ʔugʷ(a)qa | ||
urge | *ʔuksaːp | ||
shrink | *ʔukt- | ||
pity | *ʔukʷ- | ||
wait (for s.th. to happen) | *ʔul- | ||
chew | *ʔulχ- | ||
kind | *ʔuːmaːs(a)qƛ/ʔuːmaːc(i)qƛ | ||
owe | *ʔuːmina | ||
ease (pain) | *ʔu(ː)rfi-/ʔu(ː)p- | ||
root of dimensional expressions | *ʔu(ː)m̍aː | ||
fog | *ʔunqʷ- | ||
use a wood chisel | *ʔup- | ||
whisper | *ʔup- | ||
deaf | *ʔupuːɬ | ||
good | *ʔuːq- | ||
believe | *ʔuːqʷ-/ʔuːq’ʷ- | ||
stinging | *ʔuqʷ-/ʔaχʷ- | ||
flying squirrel | *ʔuqʷani | ||
child of | *ʔuqʷaːs | ||
torso | *ʔusi(ː)ti | ||
locative root | *ʔust- | ||
somebody or something | *ʔuːš | ||
talk | *ʔuːšamaːc’a- | ||
difficult | *ʔušcuk | ||
terrible or turbulent | *ʔuːšmaqakʷ | ||
trouble | *ʔuːšmis | ||
shaman | *ʔuːštaqyu | ||
useful | *ʔuːšy̍akʷ- | ||
poison | *ʔušʔiːɬ | ||
pierce or prick | *ʔut- | ||
release or be free | *ʔu(ʔ)uχʷa | ||
step parent or child | *ʔuwa- | ||
father | *ʔu(ː)w̍(i)-/ʔaw̍(i)- | ||
news | *ʔuyaqχ(mis) | ||
when | *ʔuyi | ||
give or have trouble | *ʔuːza- | ||
resulting from | *ʔuʔiːχa | ||
often or all the time | *ʔuʔuč(ʔi) | ||
blame | *ʔuʔu(ː)kʷiːɬ | ||
first | *ʔuʔuɬta/ʔλʔiɬta | ||
enough or just right | *ʔuʔumaχi | ||
efficient worker | *ʔu(ː)ʔu(ː)šcam | ||
hunt whale | *ʔuʔuːtaχ- | ||
devil’s club (fatsia) | *ʔwiq-/ʔiχʷ- | ||
supernatural or loathsome creature | *ʔzi(q’) | ||
break or snap | *ʔƛ- |
Suffixes and clitics
[edit]Gloss | Proto-Wakashan | Proto-Kwakiutlan | Proto-Nootkan |
---|---|---|---|
on rocks | *-’aː | ||
out to sea | *-aː | ||
durative or continuative | *-a(laː)/-a(yaː) | ||
go in order to | *-’aː(sa) | ||
interrogative | *-(ʔ)aː(y)/-χaː(y) | ||
under | *-’a(ː)buː | ||
imitate or pretend | *-(q)abu(ː)ɬ | ||
at water margin | *-(w)aːč | ||
groin or crotch | *-’aːči | ||
very | *-a(ː)g(awa) | ||
compete | *-aǧis | ||
sticking out | *-‘ak/-‘ax | ||
on lap | *-a(ː)ksi | ||
dried | *-(kʷ)aːkt/-(kʷ)aːšt | ||
durative or resultative | *-akʷ/-awkʷ | ||
at head of bed | *-akʷiɬ/-(w)akʷin | ||
in reverse or back | *-‘al(a) | ||
material for | *-alas | ||
upriver | *-‘alis | ||
die of | *-‘alis(m) | ||
working to get | *-’aluχ | ||
in a position or disposed to | *-’aɬ | ||
liking or longing for | *-’aɬak | ||
at vertical surface | *-aɬc’a | ||
looking after | *-’a(ː)ɬuk | ||
cause | *-a(ː)m(as) | ||
plant | *-am(t) | ||
as it happened | *-am/-ʔ(a)m | ||
against the current | *-‘amal(a) | ||
ear | *-’amiɬ | ||
each other | *-a(ː)mt’a(ː)/-a(ː)pt’a(ː) | ||
old or useless | *-‘am̍a | ||
string | *-’an(i) | ||
taking place of | *-’an(maš) | ||
get or obtain | *-a(ː)nam(t) | ||
ribs | *-anaqiɬ | ||
neck | *-(w)aniɬ | ||
animate nominal formant | *-anm/-’anm | ||
under water | *-ans(iw) | ||
because of | *-aːnuːƛ | ||
about | *-an̍i(ʔ)(ala)/-al’i(ʔ)(ala) | ||
all along length of | *-aːn̍u(ː) | ||
buy or gain | *-’(aːʔ)aːp | ||
up in air | *-api | ||
too | *-aːpi | ||
calf or shin | *-‘apiz(a) | ||
back | *-aːp’(a)/-aːp’ayiː | ||
crotch | *-*aq(i)/-‘ağ(i)- | ||
moving back and forth | *-aq/-aq’(a)s | ||
inside or among | *-’a(ː)q(a) | ||
take along | *-’aq(la) | ||
several -ing | *-’aːqa | ||
past or towards | *-aqa | ||
in vessel | *-’a(ː)qs/-’a(ː)χs | ||
mouth | *-aqs(iɬ)/-’aqs(iɬ) | ||
layer or generation | *-(w)aqsa(kʷ) | ||
edge or bank | *-aqsi(ga) | ||
expert at | *-’aqƛ | ||
in woods | *-’aːqƛ’as | ||
reach | *-as(a) | ||
on ground (outside) | *-’as | ||
cheek | *-(ʔaw)as | ||
at wrist | *-’aːs | ||
horizontal surface (for -ing) | *-aːs/-aʔas | ||
person | *-as | ||
plant | *-’a(ʔ)s | ||
on roof | *-aːsc’a | ||
chest | *-asχuːɬ | ||
down(stream) | *-aːt(uː) | ||
waiting for or trying to get | *-a(ː)taχ | ||
ear | *-‘atu | ||
making sound of | *-aːtuk | ||
dreaming of | *-’a(y)tuɬ/-’apuɬ | ||
vocative | *-aːw/-aːy | ||
wait for | *-’awi | ||
expecting or considering to be | *-awiɬ/-agʷiɬ | ||
calling for | *-awiyuqš | ||
habitually or continuously | *-(ʔ)awɬa | ||
across | *-aw̍(is) | ||
down | *-a(ː)χ(a)/-’a(ː)q(a) | ||
in front | *-aχuːɬ | ||
look for or pursue | *-’aya(ː)(χ) | ||
on surface of water or sea | *-a(ː)ya(ː)k | ||
having | *-’ay(a)d | ||
give | *-ayiː | ||
liable to | *-’ayik | ||
good at or fond of-ing | *-’ayikʷ | ||
on top of | *-ayka(ʔ)/-kiʔ(ya) | ||
in mind | *-’ayq | ||
belonging to or with | *-ay(c)s/-ayzs | ||
along shore | *-ay(i)s | ||
angry or crying because of | *-ayu(k) | ||
head or hair | *-a(ː)yuk | ||
plural infix | *-ay̍- or -ay- | ||
obtain or capture | *-aːy̍ip | ||
makings of | *-aːʔaƛ | ||
follow behind | *-aʔu(yiɬ) | ||
end or point | *-ba(ː) | ||
into hole or entrance | *-bita(ː) | ||
in a characteristic manner | *-b(a)l(a) | ||
fond of or addicted to | *-bs | ||
invisible | *-c/-ds | ||
go to or towards | *-ca | ||
busy with getting or eating or cooking | *-caːq | ||
at end | *-caqc’aw | ||
on the side | *-caːqs | ||
in hand or one of pair of body parts | *-caːs | ||
crotch | *-ciː | ||
on side or end | *-cit | ||
leg or thigh | *-cit’a | ||
having done or remains of | *-ckʷi(ː)/-ckʷay | ||
slightly | *-ck’in(a) | ||
go over or past | *-cpaː | ||
over the top | *-(k)cqi(ː)/-(k)cqay | ||
needing | *-cuk | ||
in hand | *-cuq/-cuqʷ- | ||
on one side | *-cu(ː)w̍at | ||
do for | *-c(a)χan/-cχana | ||
married to | *-cχi | ||
surely | *-cχʷ(a) | ||
sell | *-(k)c’ap | ||
rear of house | *-c’aqi(ː)ɬ | ||
between things | *-(x)c’as | ||
do habitually or expertly | *-(x)c’a(ʔ)s | ||
on the water | *-c’aːtu | ||
using as fuel | *-c’iːɬ(χ) | ||
front of face | *-c’iɬuɬ | ||
talking about | *-c’inaq | ||
long object | *-c’iq/-c’ayq | ||
taking notice of | *-c’iqma(ː)p | ||
in water or water-hole | *-c’it(a)/-ʔsta | ||
straight | *-(x)c’m | ||
inside container | *-c’uː | ||
in mouth | *-c’uq/-c’uqʷ- | ||
in field or open area | *-c’u(ʔa)s | ||
laughing at | *-c’us/-c’is | ||
along with | *-(k)či | ||
days | *-čiːɬ | ||
sick or sore with | *-č’aːʔap | ||
belly | *-(s)dak’z(a)/-tak’z(a) | ||
place or frame for | *-(x)dm | ||
clothes | *-(x)dmk’n | ||
measure or span | *-(x)dn(a) | ||
in hollow object | *-(g)ga/-(k)ga | ||
perhaps | *-ganm | ||
following | *-gil(qƛay) | ||
make | *-giːla/-giːɬ(a) | ||
ought to | *-gilakʷ | ||
inchoative (of motion) | *-(a)giɬ/-(aya)giƛ | ||
reason for | *-(kʷa)gi(ː)ɬ/-(kʷa)gi(ː)ƛ | ||
tribe or person | *-gimuxʷ | ||
on body | *-gi(ː)t | ||
forehead or bow | *-gi(ː)wa/-gi(ː)yu | ||
absent or missed | *-gʷaːɬ | ||
up | *-gʷust(iwa) | ||
round thing or mask | *-gam(ɬ)/-sğam | ||
woman | *-ğaːs/-’ağ(s) | ||
dimension | *-(s)ğm | ||
follow behind | *-(s)ğmay̍ | ||
angle or edge | *-(k)i | ||
at lid or rim | *-iːc’uː | ||
pretend or play | *-‘idm | ||
back or behind | *-‘ig(a)/-‘ik | ||
eat | *-’i(ː)ks/-’i(ː)k’s | ||
perfective | *-(ʔ)ila/-(ʔ)ina | ||
building or room for -ing | *-‘ilas | ||
steep | *-‘il’a | ||
sleeping with | *-iɬ | ||
in the house | *-‘i(ː)ɬ | ||
nose or end | *-‘i(ː)ɬba(ː)/-’i(ː)ɬta(ː) | ||
do for | *-(č)im/-(č)iːp | ||
can be -ed | *-’ima | ||
condition or manner | *-’i(ː)n(a) | ||
nominal formative | *-i(ː)na | ||
on top | *-iːna/-in̊a | ||
left behind | *-inay̍u | ||
in comer | *-(w)inikʷ/-(w)ini(qʷ) | ||
giving (in) feast | *-’iniɬ | ||
together | *-(k)i(ː)nukʷ | ||
mixed with | *-(w)inukʷ | ||
habitually doing or belonging to tribe | *-’inuχʷ | ||
imitate | *-iːn̍akʷ | ||
country or land | *-‘in̍akʷ | ||
in charge of | *-(k)in̍wa | ||
kin | *-(ʔ)iːqsu | ||
score | *-iːqʷ | ||
on beach | *-‘iːs | ||
belly | *-(k’)is | ||
person in canoe | *-ista | ||
around | *-(s)i(ʔ)sta | ||
one who -s | *-iːta(ʔiː) | ||
fearing | *-i(ː)ty̍ak | ||
bring as gift to kinsman | *-iːty̍a(ː)p | ||
on shoulder or top | *-(kʷ)iːχtuɬ | ||
in mouth | *-iyuqƛ | ||
doing to | *-iːyuqʷ | ||
throat | *-iːy̍uɬ/-iːy̍iɬ | ||
future | *-(y)iƛ | ||
go for or invite | *-’iƛ | ||
lose | *-’iːƛ | ||
into mouth | *-‘iƛ’χawa | ||
on rim | *-(k)iʔaqs(i) | ||
iterative | *-k- | ||
un- (opposite) | *-k(a) | ||
reach | *-ka | ||
eat | *-ka/-ga | ||
big or mighty | *-kas | ||
suddenly or abruptly | *-ka(ː)ƛ/-ka(ː)t | ||
absent | *-ki | ||
perfective or inchoative | *-k(ʔ)i(ː)d/-k(ʔ)i(ː)ƛ | ||
accidentally | *-kin(a) | ||
refer to | *-kl(a) | ||
named | *-kɬaː/-kƛaː | ||
too much | *-k(i)n | ||
well | *-k(i)naʔɬ | ||
in or by hand | *-(iː)ks | ||
ask for | *-ks | ||
beforehand or ahead | *-‘kʷiɬ | ||
miss or move away from | *-kʷis(t) | ||
on side | *-kʷuː(t)/-k’ʷuː(t) | ||
guide or indicate | *-k’(a) | ||
on body or trunk | *-k’in(a) | ||
resembling | *-k’uk | ||
order or make | *-’la | ||
dance | *-(a)laɬ | ||
time | *-laqʷ | ||
might (irrealis) | *-lax | ||
up above | *-laƛ(a) | ||
one who does or serves for others | *-lgs/-lks | ||
in recent memory | *-lis(m) | ||
one in habit of | *-‘lkʷ | ||
have in mind to | *-lq | ||
it is said | *-l’a | ||
iterative infix | *-ɬ-/-ƛ- | ||
continued motion in a direction | *-(g)ɬ/-(g)ƛ | ||
layers | *-(x)ɬba | ||
plural of direction | *-(a)m | ||
real(ly) | *-’m/-ʔm | ||
instrument | *-‘m | ||
diminutive | *-‘m/-m̍ini | ||
nominalizer | *-m(a) | ||
play at | *-*m(a) | ||
wanting to | *-ma(q’)a(y)qƛ | ||
talking about | *-(a)ma(ː)c’uk | ||
surviving | *-maːɬ | ||
moving about | *-ma(ː)ɬaː/-m̍ia(ː)laː | ||
skilled in | *-maqak/-maq’uk | ||
constantly | *-maqšiƛ | ||
take home or buy | *-maːsa | ||
probably | *-matak | ||
fit to or enough for | *-maχi | ||
collection or class of | *-(i)mays | ||
intending to | *-maːʔaƛ | ||
getter of | *-miːkʷ | ||
particle or remains of | *-mis/-bis | ||
up or on | *-mi(ː)sa | ||
fearing or expecting | *-miːʔak | ||
relative | *-mp | ||
remains of | *-muːt/-miːt | ||
consider (too) | *-mut(a) | ||
cheek | *-’my̍a | ||
standing by | *-m̍ | ||
collective or dim. plural | *-m̍ani(ː)χʷ | ||
son of | *-m̍i(ː)t | ||
underlying or implicated in | *-(a)m̍u | ||
still or for a while | *-(a)m̍us/-(a)m̍aʔus | ||
have | *-nawkʷ | ||
sometimes | *-naxʷa | ||
in a dream | *-(ʔ)ng(a) | ||
come across | *-‘ns | ||
acquire | *-‘nt or -‘nd | ||
inchoative | *-(a)nud/-(a)nuƛ | ||
side | *-lnu(s) | ||
edge | *-nχ | ||
steep | *-’nχ | ||
product of | *-’nχʷ/-dχʷ | ||
gradually | *-n̍akʷla | ||
up on height | *-n̍aːqi | ||
seeking | *-(i)n̍a(w)χ | ||
come or arrive | *-n̍i(ː)/-niʔ | ||
on water | *-n̍iː | ||
down to beach | *-n̍i(ʔ)iːs/-nic’i(ː)s | ||
in hand | *-n̍ukʷ | ||
immediately | *-paːc’u | ||
season of | *-paɬ | ||
in group | *-pa(ː)ɬ | ||
moving about at random | *-panač | ||
in middle | *-piː(q) | ||
extending or moving across | *-piːɬ | ||
it seems | *-piːt | ||
nice | *-ps | ||
chest | *-’pu /-’p(a) | ||
disliking | *-p’aː | ||
taste or smell | *-p’a(la)/p’aɬ | ||
watching | *-p’a(ː)ɬ | ||
at cheeks | *-p’aquɬ/-paquɬ | ||
additional (layer) | *-p’at | ||
thing or instrument | *-p’at’u | ||
many long bulky things | *-p’ayiɬ | ||
doing along with | *-p’i- | ||
having as spouse | *-p’iːč | ||
base of upright object | *-p’i(ː)g(aː)/-p’i(ː)k(aː) | ||
finally | *-p’ik(a) | ||
times or handspans | *-p’in/-p’int | ||
in passing or slightly | *-p’iq | ||
top (of pole) | *-p’i(ː)q | ||
knee | *-p’iqa | ||
days | *-p’(i)nixʷl’s | ||
travelling in or with | *-q | ||
fellow or person | *-qas/-ğas | ||
pretendedly | *-qaːtχ | ||
at a point extending out | *-qawa | ||
head | *-qiː | ||
have sudden pain | *-q(a)nu/-q(a)iiu | ||
face | *-quːɬ | ||
behind | *-(kʷama)qƛay/-(gʷama)qƛay | ||
demonstrative formant | *-qʷ | ||
feel | *-q’a | ||
make sound of | *-q’a(ː)-/-k’a(ː)- | ||
just or exclusively | *-q’ala(ʔm) | ||
join in | *-q’anw̍a | ||
really | *-q’m̍akʷ | ||
capable of | *-’s | ||
precisely | *-sa(ː) | ||
vessel or receptacle | *-(k)sa(ː)c | ||
place(s) | *-saːcu | ||
screened by | *-(k)sam/-(k)sapi | ||
wall of house | *-(k)saːrfiaqƛi | ||
instrument or tool | *-(x)sariu | ||
under clothing or in shelter | *-(k)saqƛ | ||
speak or make sound | *-saqʷ/-ɬaqʷ | ||
forehead | *-(k)saːt’a | ||
through | *-(k)sawiː/-(k)siwa | ||
kinds or varieties | *-saːχta(ː)kʷ | ||
away or back from sea | *-(k)sa(ː)ʔa | ||
so many on a side | *-sči | ||
suffer from | *-sdan(a) | ||
conceal | *-(χ)sdig(a) | ||
tribe | *-sğm̍a(kʷ) | ||
penis | *-(x)s(a)ğu | ||
foot | *-(k)si(ː)(s)/-kc’i(ː)ɬ | ||
do or treat like | *-(k)siːla/-(k)siːɬ(a) | ||
into open or out of woods | *-(k)siɬta/-(k)suχta | ||
lacking or needing | *-sim(a) | ||
doing ritual for | *-simač | ||
on ceiling | *-(k)simi(c’iɬ)/-cimiɬ | ||
belly | *-(k)sinqi | ||
on surface of liquid | *-(k)sit | ||
make or complete | *-siyakʷ/-siy̍akʷ | ||
band or bunch | *-siyapi | ||
if only | *-siƛi/-(ni)ʔsƛ | ||
apart or into pieces | *-(x)siʔ(a) | ||
(arm below) shoulder | *-(x)siʔap’(a) | ||
rascal | *-skapuɬ | ||
at hole in top end | *-(k)skaːpuɬ | ||
back of neck | *-(x)skn̍a | ||
far apart | *-(k)skʷ | ||
layer or storey | *-(x)skʷ(a) | ||
handling | *-(k)snaːq’aɬ | ||
between legs | *-(k)spu(ɬ) | ||
have tendency to | *-sq’ikʷ | ||
down into or onto | *-(k)staː | ||
on the foot | *-(q)sta/-(q)χta | ||
into the interior | *-(k)stiːs | ||
apparently | *-(x)st’a(kʷ) | ||
behind screen | *-(k)st’a(wi) | ||
reciprocally | *-(k)st’aɬ | ||
release or use up completely | *-(x)st’q/-(ʔ)stq | ||
septum | *-suk | ||
somewhat or tend to | *-(k)su(ː)kʷ | ||
eye | *-(k)suɬ/-ksiɬ | ||
inside body | *-(k)suːqƛ | ||
remains of | *-su(ʔ)wi(ː)/-saʔuwi(ː) | ||
over the walls in house | *-(k)suːʔiɬ | ||
armpits | *-(k)sw̍aniɬ | ||
on face of cliff | *-(k)sy̍aːχu(ɬ) | ||
opening | *-(k)sʔatuː | ||
thing for | *-(k)sʔayi(ː) | ||
having wrong with one | *-šaχi | ||
plural infix | *-t- | ||
reach | *-t(a) | ||
come from | *-taq | ||
do before -ing | *-(š)taq | ||
groups or bundles | *-(k)taqamɬ | ||
having power from | *-(k)taqyu | ||
guided by | *-(k)tis | ||
underneath | *-(k)tqa(y) | ||
still | *-(x)tqila | ||
use so and so often | *-(us)tq’a | ||
do while -ing | *-(k)tu(way)/-(k)ti(way) | ||
thing or kind | *-(k)tuːp | ||
out to sea or apart | *-(χ)t’a(ː)/-(χ)ta(ː) | ||
pretending to | *-t’aːʔiɬ | ||
having a certain nature | *-(x)t’(a)m | ||
(meet) together | *-(ğ)uː | ||
bring or take | *-’ud | ||
direction or aimed at | *-’ukʷ | ||
unit or human being | *-(s)ukʷ | ||
thick | *-ukʷ | ||
berry | *-u(ː)li(ʔ) | ||
of a certain nature | *-uɬ | ||
long ago | *-(gʷ)uɬ | ||
place | *-(ʔ)uɬ | ||
bom at | *-uːmaɬ | ||
mouth | *-uqʷ/-‘awqʷ | ||
in room or house | *-(y)uːs | ||
in company or each other | *-(s)uwala | ||
go outside | *-uyaːʔas/-w̍iʔas | ||
middle | *-uy̍u(wana) | ||
accidentally | *-‘uʔsu | ||
going along one’s way | *-u(ː)ʔukʷ | ||
quotative | *-waː | ||
go out (of mouth) | *-waχsiɬ/-waχsuɬ | ||
get or find | *-waƛ/-awƛ | ||
nape of neck | *-wiːqƛanɬ | ||
so it seems | *-(u)wi(ː)s | ||
using | *-(χ)w̍aːt /-(χ)w̍aːɬ | ||
friend or relative of | *-w̍a(ː)t | ||
come out or away | *-w̍i(ː)/-ʔuwi(ː) | ||
come out of vessel | *-w̍iɬta(ː)/-ʔuwiɬta(ː) | ||
out of one’s hands | *-w̍isa | ||
up from beach | *-w̍isdi(ː)s/-ʔuwisdi(ː)s | ||
stretching forth regularly | *-x- | ||
recent past | *-xd(i) | ||
would or likely | *-xs(i) | ||
carelessly | *-xsala | ||
very | *-xsila | ||
tooth | *-xsiʔa | ||
meanwhile | *-(q)χ | ||
spread out | *-‘χ- | ||
say | *-χa | ||
mass or quantity | *-χ(a) | ||
buy | *-χaː | ||
at end | *-χan/-χana | ||
behold | *-(a)χaλa | ||
also or indeed | *-χaːʔ(a) | ||
over fire | *-χc’i(ʔ)i(ː) | ||
behind | *-’χ(s)d | ||
durative | *-χi(ː) | ||
shoulder or upper arm | *-χiʔn(a) | ||
evidently | *-χnt | ||
in between | *-χn̍uɬ/-χsn̍uɬ | ||
flat thing | *-χsa | ||
want or desire | *-(’iː)χsa(ː)/-(’iː)χ(s)da(ː) | ||
bundle | *-(k)χsa(yukʷ) | ||
voice | *-χst | ||
downstream | *-χsuwaː | ||
downstream or out of woods | *-χt | ||
instrument for | *-χta(ː) | ||
flexible receptacles full | *-χta(ː)(kʷ) | ||
weather | *-χ(s)tala | ||
knee | *-χtam̍u | ||
made of | *-χtina | ||
’on top of standing object | *-χtu | ||
away from place of residence | *-χu | ||
neck or throat | *-’χ(a)w(a) | ||
daughter of | *-χw̍iɬim | ||
heel | *-’χλaɬm̍u | ||
lower jaw | *-’χλaxsiʔa | ||
unfortunately | *-(ʔa)χλay̍ | ||
on back or top of round object | *-χƛa | ||
dish or hollow object | *-χƛa | ||
branches or body hair | *-χƛu/-χƛawi | ||
arm or shoulder | *-(a(ː)ski)yamiɬ | ||
go for | *-yaːwa(ː) | ||
traces of | *-yit | ||
passive (of instr.) | *-(a)yuː/-‘(a)yu | ||
several do | *-yu(ː) | ||
all over | *-yuːk | ||
travel by | *-yuwiq | ||
troubled by | *-y̍aː | ||
go away or back | *-y̍ak/-y̍axc’i | ||
fathoms | *-y̍aɬ | ||
suffer from excess or die from | *-y̍iːχa | ||
exposed or showing | *-(s)y̍uːč | ||
on side of flat thing | *-‘ziʔ | ||
beforehand | *-’zkʷ | ||
hole or open area | *-zq/-cq | ||
evidently | *-zuː | ||
width | *-zu | ||
on flat surface | *-(a)zu(ː) | ||
’but | *-λa | ||
on intangible thing | *-(x)ƛ(a) | ||
on surface (of water) | *-ƛay̍ | ||
on roof | *-(x)ƛi(ʔ)as | ||
equipment | *-(x)ƛn | ||
sky | *-ʔaːc’iɬ | ||
destroyed or dispersed | *-ʔakʷač | ||
fabric surface | *-ʔa(ː)ɬ | ||
following or attached | *-ʔaɬ/-ɬa | ||
plural of third person | *-ʔa(ː)ɬ | ||
perceive | *-(u)ʔaɬ | ||
sign of | *-ʔaːmač/-’ay̍imč | ||
fall off or sink | *-ʔatu | ||
man of tribe or residing at | *-ʔa(y)t(a)χʷ | ||
possessive | *-ʔawkʷ | ||
nominalizer | *-ʔay(iː)/-aʔ(y)iː | ||
definite article | *-ʔayiː(q) | ||
instrument for | *-ʔayu(ʔakʷ) | ||
imperative | *-ʔi | ||
year or season | *-(q)ʔinχ | ||
get to be at | *-ʔi(ː)ya | ||
small or child of | *-ʔiz(k)/-ʔiz(iʔ) | ||
into house or opening | *-(ayi)ʔiːƛ | ||
main part of body | *-ʔsta(k)na | ||
small | *-ʔu | ||
obtained by | *-ʔuːkt | ||
off from shore or out of enclosure | *-ʔuɬ(χ)t’a | ||
(mark) left behind | *-ʔuwi(ː) |