Appendix:Proto-Zapotec reconstructions

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Proto-Zapotec reconstructions by Benton (1988)[1] and Operstein (2012)[2]:

Benton (1988)

[edit]
No. English gloss Proto-Zapotec
1. owe *-thaʔkwi/*-theʔkwi
2. teach *theʔNte
3. show *loʔywe
4. thin *laʔttha
5. hidden *kkaʔttye
6. pimple *keʔNcho
7. honey *cheʔNna/*tyeʔNna
8. night *tyaʔNla/*tyeʔla/*kyeʔla
9. pinewood *tyeʔtyi
10. word/language *tiʔchi-tha (word-people=language)
11. blood *tyeNnne
12. vapor *kwittyeN
13. coffin *kini
14. die *(k)ati
15. lard *thaN
16. go away *xe/*xeN
17. earthquake *shyo
18. cough *tyo(ː)ʔ
19. squirrel *nikwe-tyiʔttha
20. supper *ssh-ccheʔN
21. many *thaʔ-ya
22. many (2) *tha-ya-ni
23. reply, say *(kk/kkw)akwi
24. witch *nikwe-cha(ː)ʔ-(ccho), ni(thV)-yeʔ
25. seated *thoʔ-kwa (lit. stand-down/below)
26. standing *thoʔ-lli (lit. stand-straight)
27. louse *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN
28. nit *nikwe(ʔ)-ttyeN-yaʔ
29. above *(ki)-yaʔ (*yaʔ is reconstruction for "hand")
30. below *ki/ni-yaʔ (Also reconstruction for "foot")
31. below (2) *ketta, *lyetta
32. deep place (water) *keʔla, tyeʔla
33. send *ssheʔlla, *theʔlla
34. flat/level *laʔttyï
35. prickly-pear fruit *kwityï
36. child *shiʔni
37. eagle *nikwe-tthiyaː
38. be burned *choʔyi
39. whoʔ *ttyo, nyo
40. dark *sshinni
41. intestines *thiʔ/*shiʔ
42. with *no/*na
43. mute *kokkwa
44. bitter *lla
45. sweathouse *yaN
46. flute *(kwi)-ccheN
47. sin *kkeN, teN
48. tongue *loychi
49. wind *nikweN
50. stale *kwityeN
51. hard *keNtyeN
52. comb *kwe(ʔ)-(xw)
53. mirror *(k)wana
54. water gourd *shika
55. hair *kicchi/*kiccha
56. chayote *ya(ː)kkwa
57. dough *kkokwaː
58. yam, root *koː
59. tepache *nnokkwi
60. corn (dry shelled) *shoʔkwa
61. open, clear *(n-sh-)yaʔla
62. cornsmut *nikweʔ-yeN
63. sour *thiːʔ
64. morning *shiʔlla
65. cactus (nopal) *kwaʔ/kaʔ-ya
66. meat *kweʔla
67. moon *nikweʔ-yaː/yoː
68. crack *kiʔcchi
69. charcoal *kwoʔ
70. yesterday *nnaʔxa
71. metal *kiʔkwa
72. chile *kiʔnna
73. banana *kwe/ke-doʔ-a
74. feather *toʔykwi
75. soot *n(i)lan
76. life *ne-kwanni/wanni
77. eight *ssyo-nna/nnu
78. roadrunner *nikwe-ssyoː/tye
79. Ejutla (town) *kwi/wi-tha
80. dandruff, powder *(kwe)-to(ː)ʔ-yV
81. wolf *nikwe-xwoː/yoː
82. anus *kwe/sho-shi, kwe-(tya)-shi
83. new *kkoYkwi
84. pineapple *(kwe)-shiʔcho/chiʔcho
85. scar, mole *kwe-yaʔ
86. blind *-kaʔ
87. day before yesterday *(Yke)-naxa-ttha
88. foot *ki/ni-yaʔ
89. toad *nikweʔ-tyeN
90. yellow (1) *(n/k)yaʔ-che, kaʔ(N)-YteN
91. paper *kiʔ-ttyeN
92. snake *nikweʔ-lla
93. skunk *nikweʔ-tta/YttaN
94. fox *nikweʔ-tha/thaN
95. sky *(ki)-kwaʔ(N)-xV
96. man *ni-keʔ-yu
97. fiesta *tthaʔ (probably from 'relative')
98. flea *nikweʔ-yu
99. patio *(ke)-laʔ-ya
100. fence *(ke)-loʔ-ya
101. house *niʔ
102. weed *kisshi
103. arm, shoulder *she(ʔ)kko/*she(ʔ)xxw
104. root *llo
105. dove *nikwe-ko
106. cheek *sshaka/*cchaka
107. weaver's stick *shiʔkwi/*chiʔkwi
108. leaf-cutter ant *nikwe-yoʔkwa
109. cross (v) *teʔNti
110. powder (also possibly tobacco) *keʔtha
111. pond, deep water *keʔla
112. inside, stomach *laʔnni/*naʔnni
113. big *thenna/*shella
114. flower *kiyaʔ/*kiyaʔN/*kiyaʔx
115. tadpole *nikwe-lloʔlla
116. roasting ear *thaʔN
117. dog *nikwe-xxwo
118. iguana lizard *nikwe-ttyaʔ-ttyeN
119. green *kaʔ-ye
121. seven *ka-tya
122. three *ccho-nna
123. two *ttyo-kkwa
124. twenty *ka-llxV
125. clay griddle *tyeNlla
126. thorn *ke(ʔ)Ncchi
127. beans *thaːʔ
128. beans (2) *thaːʔ-yaʔ
130. raise *-l/k-xattha
131. grindstone *keNttyeN
132. be afraid *cheʔNkweN
133. empty (adj) *laʔttya
134. empty (v) *laʔtta
135. tar *kinni
136. Sola de Vega (town) *xwattyeN
137. peaceful *cheʔN
138. milk, sap *niʔtyeN
139. man's brother *kweNttyeN
140. cool *k(w)allV
141. deer *nikwe-tyeNnna (see also RAT)
142. grey hair (also may have meant trash) *(ttoʔ)kkwa
143. hole *keʔNtyo
144. year, feast *laʔnna
145. close (v) *-tth-yaʔNxw
146. bone *tyeNtta
147. woman's sister *kwella
148. mamey (kind of fruit) *kella
149. more *thi
150. blister *nikwe-ttyi-yaʔ
151. fingernail *(kwi)-sho-ka/ya
152. chicken *nxiʔti
153. tenate *tyoʔkwa
155. tortilla *ketta
156. squash *keNtto
157. black *(k)aʔtthVx
158. adobe *-tthoʔ
159. nest *-yaʔtha
160. baby *nikwe-toʔ
161. old *xoʔssha(N)
162. bed *loʔna/*noʔna
163. warm *-chaʔ
164. short *sshoʔkwi
165. short (2) *kwiʔ-ttyo
166. full *chaʔ
167. pinecone *nikwe-(sh)ika
168. maguey *to(ː)kwa
169. shadow *kkwaʔla
171. intelligent *-tthinna
172. free, loose *-laʔ(-w)
173. four *tta-kkwa
174. delicate *-ta
175. lighten *chaccha
176. lame *kkoY/ttoY-ssho
177. leather, skin *kiti
178. river *kaʔNxw/*tyaʔNxw
179. necklace *kweʔka/*kwaʔkka
180. cloud *sshVka-(xwo/xo)-beN
181. buzzard *kweNcchi
182. avocado *k/l-yassho
183. rain *ki-yaxV/laxV
184. long time *ssh-ccheN
185. alligator *nikweʔ-na
186. mushroom *nikweʔ-ya
187. lazy *-eʔte
188. guage (tree) *laʔ
189. you (sg) *lyoʔ
190. here (in an elevated position) *kaʔ
191. here (not elevated) *tyeʔN/*neʔN
192. mouth *tyoʔ-wa
193. forty *tyoʔ-wa
194. ten *ttyeʔN-ya
195. fifteen *ttyeʔN-nna(N)
196. back *teʔNttya(N)
197. one *ttoy-kwa
198. six *sshoʔ-kkwa
199. nine *kaʔ(y)-ya
200. five *kaʔ-ya(N)
201. master, owner *(kwe/kwa)-sh-waʔna
202. petate *taːʔ
203. sharp, pointed *lloʔ-
204. few *she-yaʔ/naʔ
205. slow *ccheʔ/*ssheʔ
206. seed *nikwe-tyeʔN
207. cloth *la(ʔ)tyeN/*na(ʔ)tyeN
208. bent *chon-go/*len-go/*tyen-go
209. cat *kwicchi/*kwittho
210. whistle *kwi(-cchi-)w
211. baby boy *kweʔtho/*kwaʔssho
213. small crab *kweN
214. nipple *zhityeN
215. cotton *sshiʔlli
216. oppossum *nikwe-kweʔtha/leʔtha
217. crow *kwe-yakka
218. ice *keʔka
219. tendon *kikwi
220. sickly *keNcha
221. red *na-ya
222. leaf *(kwa-)llaka
223. tree *yaʔ-ka
224. home *leNtyeN
225. cornhusk *kkwela
226. ear of corn *ke/ne-tha
227. placenta *lityeN
228. face *lo
229. year *itha
230. mud *-kwenn-yo
231. low, near *kasshxw
232. termite *nikwe-sshi(-chi-)
233. net *keNsshVx
235. neck *yanni
236. bird *nikinni
237. shout *kweNchi-yaʔ
238. arrive *tyeNna
239. rat *nikwe-tyeʔNnna (see also DEER)
240. son in law *nikwe-koʔtyeN
241. now *n(n)a
242. male *(ni)kola
243. star *nikwe-la(ː)xw
244. raccoon *nikwe-she-ya
245. armadillo *nikwe(-sho-)-kkwi
246. incense *yaʔla
248. ringtailed cat *nikwe-shiʔcho
249. mix *yoʔ/sha-cha
250. sugarcane *n/ketta
251. clay pot *keʔttho
252. work *tyeʔNnna
253. palm tree *thina
254. bee *nikwe-tho
255. water *nittha
256. walk *tha
257. burn, sting *choʔyV
258. waterpot *tyeʔN
260. heart *laʔtyeN-toʔ
261. squeeze *ttheʔN
262. town *ke(ʔ)NcheN
263. arrow *kwatha
264. cold *lla
265. lard *tha
266. ant *nikwe-tyeʔN
267. nephew *shiʔni-yaka/tthoʔkwa
268. standing *lliʔ
269. day after tomorrow *wi-cheN/cha
271. branch *shoʔtyeN
272. frog *sheʔnV
273. laugh *shiʔtyeN
274. father *kwi-sshottha
275. soft (material) *koʔy-tyeN
276. tejon *nikwe-shiʔcho
277. sun *nikwe-cha
278. son-in-law *(kweN/neN-)koʔ-yityeN (lit. 'enter-home')
279. fox *nikwe-thaʔ
280. mold *nVkweʔN(yV)
281. turkey *nikwe-(ch)xV
282. rock *kexV
283. flour *kethVw
284. water hole/well *kwexV
285. drink (v.) *-xeʔ
286. eat *-(t)aw/*xaw
287. lower *-lyetta/*-xetta
288. bathe *-xatha
289. run away *shoʔnnx
290. play *tyeNtta/*xeNtta
291. pay *tishe/*tixw
292. among/between *latx

Operstein (2012)

[edit]
English gloss Proto-Zapotec
(habitual aspect) *tye-
(egg)shell *kwe-ttyokaʔ
ant *kwe-’tyeʔ
back; behind *tittzi
bone *tyitta
breast *xityi
clay griddle *’tyiʔla
cough *tyoːʔ
dark *ttyuːʔlla
deer *kwe-tzinaʔ
domestic bird; turkey *kw-etya
emotional center *’laʔtyiʔ
foam *kwe-(t)tziːʔnaʔ
frighten *ok-tzekwε
frog *kw-etyiʔ
head hair *kittzaʔ
heart *laʔtyiʔ-tawoʔ
hidden *(na-)kaʔttziʔ
hole *’keːʔtyu
honey *(kwe-)tzinaʔ
iguana *(ko-)wattziʔ
large wild feline *kw-eːʔtzi(k)
louse *kw-eːʔttyiʔ
maguey fiber *keːtze
mother’s milk *niːʔtyiʔ
mouth *’tyoʔwa
nest *kwe-ttyeːʔsa
paper *kiʔttyi
pimple *keʔtzuʔ
pine *ketye
pineapple *xitzuʔ
pus, snot *kuːʔtzeʔ
quern *kiːʔttzi
rabbit *kw-ittzi
seed *kweːʔtyiʔ
seven *’katyi
son-in-law *(kwa-)kuːtzi ~ *xuʔutzi
squirrel *kwe-’tyiːʔ(s)sa
stewpan *ttzäʔ
ten *k-tyiːʔ
thorn *kettzeʔ
three *ttzonna
to arrive *tyina
to be/get hot *tzeʔa
to burst, break *-attzok
to cut *ok-tyoːʔko
to end *tyä
to find *tzela
to get fat/big *’tyaʔwo
to hide *o(k)-kaːʔttziʔ
to mix, stir *ok-oːʔttza
to nurse *atyiʔ
to play music *ok-kw-etzi
to shout, cry *kw-etzi
to squeeze *ok-k-iːʔttzi
tomato *kwe-ttyuːxxik
tongue *luːʔtzeʔ
turkey *’kw-ety(a)
two *k-tyoppa
valley *laʔttyiʔ
voice *ttyiʔi
water jug *tyeʔe
white *kw-eːʔttyiʔ
white *na-kattyi
work *tyiːʔna
yellow *ku-ttzi

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Benton, Joseph. 1988. Proto-Zapotec phonology. SIL International.
  2. ^ Operstein, Natalie. 2012. Proto-Zapotec *tty/*ty and *ttz/*tz. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 1 (January 2012), pp. 1-40
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