Appendix:Proto-Purus reconstructions

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Proto-Proto-Purus reconstructions:[1]

Carvalho (2020)

[edit]
No. English gloss Proto-Purus Yine Apurinã Iñapari
1 body *-mane -mane -mane maná-ʔa-ti
2 head *-kɨwɨ -çiwɨ -kɨwɨ hɨwɨ́-ti
3 eye *-hokɨ hi-hoçi ‘face’ -okɨ ohɨ-tí
4 ear hole *-kena-ko -çnako-pna -kenako-kɨ hanáʔo-ti
5 hair/feather *-piti -pici -piti piʧi-tí
6 mouth *-nama -nama -nama namá-ti
7 lip *-potu hi-ʃa-pto ‘beard’ -poto potu-maʧá-ti
8 beard *-sia-potu hi-ʃa-pto ‘beard’ ʃiãpoto ijapotú-ti
9 tongue *-nenɨ hi-nnɨ -nɨnɨ není-pa-ti
10 nose *-kiri hi-çri -kiri hirí-ti
11 bone *-hapɨ hi-hapɨ -apɨ apɨ-tí
12 back *-takɨ hi-tçi - ʧahɨ́-ti
13 breast *-tenɨ tnɨ-ʧi -tenɨ -ʧini
14 nipple *-tenɨ-kɨ - -tenɨ-kɨ ʧiní-hɨ-ti
15 chest *-turu- - -toro-ta turú-ʧa-ti
16 heart *-hakɨ -haç-ʧi, r-açi -(h)ãkɨ-pa ahɨ́-pa-ti
17 liver *-hupana hi-hopna -opana upaná-ti
18 blood *-hɨra-ha hi-hraha, hran-ʧi -(h)erẽka ɨráá-ti
19 flesh *-hɨtɨ hi-hitɨ - ɨʧi-tí
20 veins *-kutsa hi-kotsa -kotsa uta-tí
21 buttocks *-mutu hi-moto, mot-ʧi - mutu-tí
22 leg *-tapari hi-tpali ‘his thigh’ - ʧaparí-ti
23 thigh *-puri - -pori-ke purí-na-ti
24 knee *-sukɨ hi-soçi - uhɨ́-ʧa-ti
25 shin *-paru hi-palo-çi - parú-ti
26 foot *-kiti hi-çici -kiti hiʧí-pa-ti
27 arm *-kano -kano -kano ano-he-tí
28 elbow *-hitsu hitso-he-re - hitu-ré-hɨ-ti
29 hand *-muju hi-mjo, mjo-ʧi -pio mujú-ti
30 neck *-nu- hi-no-çi, no-ʃ-ʧi -no-kɨ; -no-pi nu-pi-tí
31 skin *-mata hi-mta -mata maʧá-ti
32 navel *-puru hi-plo - purú-hɨ-ti
33 tail *-si-pi hi-nʃi, nʃi-ʧi -ʃipi ipi-tí
34 wing *-mekɨ hi-meçi -mekɨ mehɨ́-ʧa-pi-ti
35 egg *-nakɨ hi-naçi nakɨ a-nahɨ-rɨ́
36 feces *-tika rɨ-ʧka tika-ti ri-ʧiʔá-ma
37 fart *-ɨkɨnɨ hiçnɨ-ʧi, r-ɨçnɨ - ɨhɨnɨ́-ti
38 urine *-tsɨnɨ-ha -tsɨnha -tsɨnãa tɨnɨ́-ti
39 fat *-ihi ç-hi-rɨ ‘greasy’ < *ka-ihi-rɨ ĩĩ -
40 name *-hɨwaka -hiwaka, hiwak-ʧi -(h)iwãka ɨwáʔa-ti
41 house *-pana pan-ʧi - pana-tí
42 village *-puku pok-ʧi -awa-poko i-púʔú-ri
43 nest *sijari hi-ʃale - ijári-ti
44 path *hatɨnɨ hatnɨ-hapo, r-atnɨ-hapo-te - haʧiní
45 path *-hapO hatnɨ-hapo -ãpo-rɨ -
46 bow *tapu [hi]tpo tapo ʧapú-ri
47 arrow *kasiri kaʃri - haári
48 rope *-tsa hi-tsa -tsa i-tá
49 canoe *kanawa kanawa kanawa anawá
50 raft *pɨmarɨ pɨmlɨ - pɨmári
51 person *kakɨtɨ kaçitɨ kãkɨtɨ ahɨ́ʧi
52 spirit/soul *kama-ti kamʧi kamaʧi amáti
53 man *kekɨ çeçi kɨkɨ ehɨ́
54 woman *sɨtiO sɨco sɨto -
55 father *-hɨrɨ r-ɨrɨ, hir-ʧi -ɨrɨ ɨrɨ́-ti
56 father *patɨ patɨ patɨ -
57 mother *-ɨnɨru r-ɨnro -ɨnɨro ɨnɨrú-ti
58 mother *natu nato natú
59 son *-tɨrɨ hi-tɨrɨ - tɨrɨ́-ti
60 daughter *-situ rɨ-ʃiʧo - itú-ti
61 grandson *-mekani-rɨ hi-mekahji -mekaɲi-rɨ meʔani-rí-si-ti
62 granddaughter *-mekani-ro to-mekahjo -mekaɲi-ro meʔani-ró-hɨ-ti
63 father-in-law *-himatukɨ- himatçi-rɨ, himatçi-r-ʧi -imatɨkɨ-rɨ imatuhɨtí-ri
64 mother-in-law *-himakɨ- himaçi-ro, himaçi-r-ʧi - imahɨ-tí-ro
65 nephew/niece *-parikare- palikle-rɨ - pariʔare-ró-ti; pariʔare-rí-ti
66 younger brother *-epɨ-rɨ r-epɨrɨ -epɨrɨ epɨrɨ́-hɨ-ti
67 younger sister *-epɨ-ro r-epɨro - epɨro-hɨ́-ti
68 grandmother *-akɨro r-açiro -akɨro ahɨró-ti
69 grandfather *-atukɨrɨ r-atçirɨ -atokɨrɨ atuhɨrɨ́-ti
70 pet *-pɨra pra-ʧi -pɨra -
71 paca (rodent sp.) *kajatɨ kajatɨ kajatɨ ajáʧi
72 capybara *hipetɨ hipetɨ - hipeʧí
73 rat *kutsi koʧi koʧi utí
74 agouti *pekiri peçri pekiri pehirí
75 coati *kapisiri kapʃi kapiʃi apíí
76 peccary (sp.) *meriti mrici ‘sajino’ meriti ‘peccary’ meríʧi ‘sajino’
77 peccary (sp.) *hirarɨ hijalɨ ‘jabalí’ irarɨ ‘large wild pig’ hirári ‘jabalí’
78 anteater *sɨwa sɨwa - hɨwá
79 tapir *kema çema kema hamá
80 capuchin monkey *tsikutɨ ʧkotɨ ‘mono machín’ ʧikotɨ ‘Cebus apella’ tiʔuʧí ‘mono machín’
81 howler monkey *kaina kina ‘mono coto’ kiɲa ‘Alouatta seniculus’ aína ‘mono coto’
82 sloth *makara - makara maʔára
83 snake *hɨmenɨ himnɨ ɨmɨnɨ himení
84 boa *mapitsiri mapʧiri - mapitíri
85 alligator *kajukɨrɨ kʃijoçrɨ kajukɨrɨ ajúhɨrɨ
86 turtle *sɨpɨrɨ sɨprɨ sɨp̃ ɨrɨ hipɨ́rɨ
87 ant *katsitɨ kaʧiʧi kaʧitɨ atíʧi
88 isula (ant sp.) *manahi manahi maɲii maneí̃
89 termite *kamara kamla kamara amará-hɨ
90 wasp *sanɨ sanɨ sanɨ haní
91 mosquito *haniju hahjo aɲiio hanijú
92 bee/honey *mapa - mapa mapaá
93 fly *kerɨ çerɨ - herí-si
94 butterfly *katatu katato katatɨ aʧatú
95 cockroach *tsopata - tsopata topaʧa
96 spider *pɨtahana pɨthana - pɨʧaána
97 scorpion *hekuru heklo - heʔurú
98 tick *kuparɨ koplɨ - upári
99 louse *-kepa hi-çepa - hapá-ti
100 worm *tsomi tsomi tsomi tomí
101 worm *kenɨ çnɨ-ʧi kẽʧi uri-héni; ti-héni
102 fish (generic) *sima ʃima ʃima-kɨ himá
103 piraña (fish sp.) *huma homa (h)oma humá
104 crab *jutúro jotlo - jutúro
105 bat *siju ʃjo ʃijo-kɨ hijú-hɨ
106 bird (sp.) *majurɨ majlɨ ‘gallinazo’ majorɨ majúri ‘buitre blanco’
107 bird (sp.) *hireka hijeka ‘paujil’ irẽka ‘mutum’ hiréʔa ‘paujil’
108 bird (sp.) *hititi hicici - hiʧiʧí
109 hummingbird *siwejúrɨ ʃwejlɨ - hiwejúri
110 duck *hupai hopʃi opai hupaí
111 eagle *kukui - kokoi uʔuí
112 owl *musa mosa musa muá̃
113 tree *haha-mɨna hahmɨna ãamɨna haámɨna
114 palm (sp.) *kuna kona kona-kɨ úna
115 cane *katsarɨ katslɨ - atarí
116 branch *-purɨ hi-plɨ -porɨ purí
117 wood, stick *-ke hi-çe -ke ano-he-tí ‘antebrazo’
118 seed *-kɨ hi-çi -kɨ -raná-hɨ
119 shell/husk *-pata hi-pata - (hisí) páʧa ‘cáscara de maíz’
120 flower *-hɨwɨ*ka-hɨwɨ-rɨ hi-hwɨ; kahwɨrɨ ɨ̃ɨ̃wɨ, (h)ɨ̃wɨ aáwɨ́rɨ
121 leaf *ka-sɨre-rɨ hi-sɨre, ka-sɨre-rɨ - aɨ́reri
122 coca *katsuparɨ - katsuparɨ atuparí
123 sweet potato *kɨparɨ çipalɨ kɨparɨ hɨpári
124 bitter manioc *kanɨrɨ kanrɨ - anɨrɨ́
125 manioc *kimeka çimeka - himeʔá
126 maize *si-kɨ ʃiçi - hisí
127 smoked (meat) *hurutɨ holotɨ - hurúʧi
128 pepper *kumarɨ komlɨ - umarí
129 achiote *hapɨkɨrɨ hapiçrɨ ãpɨkɨrɨ hapísíri
130 medicine *pini pin-re piɲi pini-tí-ri
131 sun *atukatsi tkaʧi atokaʧi tuʔatí
132 moon *kasɨrɨ ksɨrɨ kasɨrɨ aɨrɨ́
133 night *jatsi jeʧ-no - játi
134 yesterday *kapeta kapet-hohne - apeʧá
135 wind *hitima - ĩtima hiʧíma
136 rainbow *kɨsi kʃi kɨsi -
137 lake *hɨpu-ha hipowha ɨpowã hipuã
138 water *hunɨ honɨ - huní
139 rain *hina hina - hiná
140 fire/firewood *tsitsi ʧiʧi - tití
141 fire/firewood *pawa no-pawa, paw-ʧi - páwa ‘brasa’
142 hole *-pɨna hi-pna - a-pɨna-rí
143 stone *sutarɨ sotlɨ - huʧárí-sí
144 pain *katsinu- kaʧino-lɨ - atinu-rí
145 to be/have *-awa r-awa -awa r-awa-ma
146 to arrive *-apuka hapok-lɨ, r-apoka -apoka r-apúʔa-ma
147 to come *-ɨna r-ɨna -ɨna r-ɨ́na-ma
148 to return *-satuka satok-lɨ - i-atuʔa-pa-má
149 to walk *-jana jan-rɨ, jana -jana i-janá-ma
150 to pass *-kunuha rɨ-knoha - rɨ-ʔunṹa-ma
151 to step *-akapa- h-akap-ʃo-lɨ - r-aʔapa-á-ma
152 to grow *-tserɨ-ta i-tserɨ-wa-ta - i-terí-ʧa-ma
153 to sing *-sika- -ʃika-l-wa-ta -ʃika -
154 to eat *-nika -nika -ɲika (trans.) i-niʔá-ma
155 to swallow *-nikuru-ka -niklok-lu - i-niʔuruʔa-má-ri
156 to say *-tsina ʧin-rɨ, -ʧina - i-tiná-ma
157 to speak *-tukanV- -tokanɨ-wa-ta - ri-tuʔána-ma
158 to command *-jukana jokan-rɨ - i-juʔana-má-ri
159 to call *-tuma-ha tomha-lɨ - i-tumáá-ri
160 to breathe *-nani hi-nni- - i-naní-ma
161 to wash *-kipa - kipa i-hipá-ma-ri
162 to wash *-erOka t-erka-lɨ eroka -
163 to swim *-hano-ha hanoh-lɨ, r-anoha-ta -noã-ta r-ano-ʔa-má
164 to bath *-ka -ka-wa - i-ʔáá-ma
165 to plant/put *-taka rɨ-tak-lɨ -taka ‘to put’ rɨ-ʧaʔa-ma
166 to dig *-sɨtu sito-t-lɨ - i-hɨtú-ma
167 to peel *-taraha- talha-lɨ - i-ʧaraa-má-ri
168 to hear *-kema -çema, -çem-lɨ -kema-ko i-hama-má
169 to see *-eta r-et-lɨ -eta[ma] r-eʧá-ra-ma
170 to learn *-ɨma-ta r-ɨma-ta- - r-ɨma-ʧa-
171 to fear *-pika -pika -pika i-piʔá-ma
172 to sleep *-ɨmaka r-ɨmka -ɨmaka r-ɨmɨʔá-ma
173 to lie down *-kurɨ-ha hi-klɨh-lɨ - rɨ-ʔuri-a-ma
174 to die *-ɨpɨna hipna-lɨ, r-ɨpna ɨpɨ-̃ pe r-ɨpɨná-ma
175 to kill *-hOka rɨ-hka-lɨ -oka -
176 to cook *-wara hi-wla-lɨ - rɨ-wara-má-ri
177 to roast *-kuta kota-çi-t-lɨ - i-ʔuʧa-má-ri
178 to grind *-juki joç-rɨ - juhi-rí
179 to fetch *-apa r-apa-t-lɨ -apa r-apa-ʧí-má-ri
180 to sew *-jutsa-ha jotsha-lɨ - i-jutãã-rá-ma
181 pregnant *-mɨsi- ka-mʃi-ro, mɨʃi-w-lɨ -miʃi amirú
182 hungry *natsi naʧi naʧi natí
183 shy *-pate- pate-wa-ta -pate-ta a-pate-rí
184 hot *hame- hame-t-lɨ - hame-má-ri
185 cold *ka-ʧikare ka-ʧikle-rɨ -ʧĩkare; ka-ʧĩka-re-rɨ -
186 wet *potseja- potsja-lɨ - potejá-má-ri
187 dry *puperi- popri-ri - puperí-má-ri
188 new *herutɨ herotɨ - herúʧi
189 heavy *pO-hɨno-rɨ hinolɨ - pɨɨ́norɨ
190 above *teno teno - téno
191 below *rapɨ- rapɨ[ko] - rapɨ[ʧa]
192 core/middle *-anika-kɨ r-anika-çi-te - aniʔa-hɨ
193 two *hepi hepi epi hepí
194 three *mapa mapa - mapá
195 cl.liquid *-ha hi-ha ã-
196 cl.cylindrical *-pi -pi - -pi
197 gender.masc *-rɨ -rɨ ~ -lɨ -rɨ -rɨ
198 gender.fem *-ro -ro ~ -lo -ro -ro
199 progressive *-nanɨ -nanɨ -nanɨ -
200 iterative *-naka -t-naka - -naʔa
201 intensive *-jaka jaka - -jaʔa
202 intensifier *-putɨ potɨ - -puʧi
203 caus/verblzr *ka- ka- ka- a-
204 adjectivizer *pO- po- *po- *po-/*pu-
205 verbalizer *-ta -ta ‘verb stem closure’ -ta ‘verbalizer’ -ʧa[hi] ‘causative’
206 absolute *-tsi -ʧi -ʧi -ti

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. A Comparative Reconstruction of Proto-Purus (Arawakan) Phonology. International Journal of American Linguistics.

See also

[edit]
Vocabulary lists of Amerindian languages
North America

Amerindian • p-Amerind • p-Eskimo • p-Na-Dene • p-Athabaskan • p-Algonquian • Beothuk • p-Iroquoian • p-Siouan • Caddoan • Yuchi • Kutenai • Chinook • p-Sahaptian • p-Takelman • p-Kalapuyan • Alsea • p-Wintun • Klamath • Molala • Cayuse • Coos • Lower Umpqua • p-Utian • p-Yokuts • p-Maidun • p-Salishan • p-Wakashan • p-Chimakuan • p-Hokan • p-Palaihnihan • Chimariko • Shasta • Yana • p-Pomo • Esselen • Salinan • p-Chumash • Waikuri • p-Yuman • p-Yukian • Washo • p-Kiowa-Tanoan • p-Keresan • Coahuilteco • Comecrudo • Cotoname • Karankawa • Tonkawa • Maratino • Quinigua • Naolan • p-Muskogean • Natchez (Swadesh) • Atakapa • Adai • Timucua

Central America

p-Oto-Manguean • p-Oto-Pamean • p-Central Otomian • p-Otomi • p-Popolocan (p-Mazatec) • p-Chinantec • p-Mixtec • p-Zapotec • p-Uto-Aztecan • p-Aztecan • Purépecha (Swadesh) • Cuitlatec • p-Totozoquean • p-Totonacan • p-Mixe-Zoquean • Highland Chontal • Huamelultec • Tequistlatec • p-Huave • p-Mayan (Swadesh) • Xinca • p-Jicaque • p-Lencan • Lenca • p-Misumalpan

South America

p-Cariban • p-Taranoan • p-Chibchan • p-Barbacoan • Páez • p-Pano-Takanan • p-Panoan • p-Makú • Hupda • p-Tukanoan • p-Arawan • Harákmbut–Katukinan • p-Cahuapanan • p-Choco • p-Guahiban • p-Shuar • Candoshi • p-Shuar-Candoshi • Achuar • p-Nambikwaran • Tinigua • Timote • p-Lule-Vilela • Vilela • Chamacoco • Allentiac • Chaná • Arutani-Sape • p-Bora-Muinane • Bora • p-Witotoan • Witoto • p-Macro-Daha • Sáliba • Piaroa • Ticuna • Yuri • Caraballo • Andoque • p-Mataguayo • p-Guaicurú • Guachí • Payagua • Mura • Pirahã • Matanawi • Quechumaran • Quechuan • p-Zaparoan • p-Peba-Yagua • Iquito • p-Chapacuran • Andaqui • Guamo • Betoi • Kamsá • Otomacoan • Jirajaran • Hibito-Cholon • Cholón • Sechura-Catacao • Sechura • Culli • Mochica • Esmeralda • Taushiro • Urarina • Aiwa • Canichana • Guató • Irantxe • Aikanã • Kanoé (Swadesh) • Kwaza • Mato Grosso Arára • Munichi • Omurano • Puinave • Leco • Puquina • Ramanos • Warao • Yaruro • Yuracaré • Yurumangui

South America (NE Brazil)

Katembri • Taruma • Yatê • Xukurú • Natú • Pankararú • Tuxá • Atikum • Kambiwá • Xokó • Baenan • Kaimbé • Tarairiú • Gamela

South America (Arawakan)

p-Arawakan • p-Japurá-Colombia • p-Lokono-Guajiro • Wayuu • p-Mamoré-Guaporé • p-Bolivia • p-Mojeño • p-Purus

South America (Macro-Jê)

p-Macro-Jê • Rikbaktsa • p-Jê • Jeikó • p-Jabuti • p-Kamakã • Kamakã • Maxakali • Chiquitano • Dzubukua • Oti • p-Puri • p-Bororo

South America (Tupian)

p-Tupian • Puruborá • Karo • p-Tupari • p-Maweti-Guarani • p-Tupi-Guarani • Guaraní