Appendix:Proto-Mayan reconstructions

Proto-Mayan reconstructions:

Kaufman (2017)

Abbreviations

pM	proto-Mayan
SM	Southern Mayan
CM	Central Mayan
EM	Eastern Mayan
WM	Western Mayan

Proto-Mayan reconstructions

English gloss	Spanish gloss	Scientific name	Proto-Mayan	Notes
‘animal’	‘animal’		*nooq	(WAS+WM)
‘white-tailed deer’	‘venado de cola blanca’	Odocoileus virginianus	*kehj
‘weasel’	‘comadreja’	Mustela	*saq=b’iin
‘coyote’	‘coyote’	Canis latrans	*ʔo(ʔ)q	(WAS+GQa,+LL as day name)
‘cougar’	‘león’	Puma concolor	*koj
‘jaguar’	‘tigre’	Panthera onca	*b’ahlam
‘agouti’	‘serete’	Dasyprocta	*ha(h)laaw
‘gopher’	‘(tal)tuza’	Geomys	*b’aʔh
‘bat’	‘murciélago’	Chiroptera	*sootz’
‘possum’	‘tlacuache’	Didelphis	*huhty’	(Wa+EM)
‘tom turkey’	‘guajolote varón’		*palach	(WAS+WM)
‘hawk’	‘gavilán’	Accipiter	*t’iiw ~ *t’ihw
‘screech owl’	‘lechuza’	Tyto alba	*xooch’
‘boat-tailed grackle’	‘zanate’	Quiscalus	#ty’oK	[diffused; symbolic]
‘crow; raven’	‘cuervo’	Corvus	*jooj	[in the Highlands]
‘heron’	‘garza’		*jooj
‘parrot’	‘perico’		#KuyuC	(WAS+GKi) [diffused; cf. Totonako /quyu(:)t/ ‘parrot’]
‘turtle’	‘tortuga’	Testudo	*peetz ~ *peety	[Wa+Mam]
‘snake’; [CM] ‘cramp’	‘culebra; calambre’		*kaan
‘rattle(snake)’	‘(víbora de) cascabel’	Crotalus	*soʔty
‘lizard’	‘lagartija’	Lacertilia	*ʔohkoC
‘cayman’	‘lagarto, caimán’	Caiman	*ʔahiin
‘toad’	‘sapo’	Bufo	*wooʔ
‘tick’	‘garrapata’	Ixodida	*siip
‘head louse’	‘piojo de cabeza’	Pediculus humanus capitis	*ʔuk’
‘flea’	‘pulga’	Pulex; Ctenocephalides	*k’aq
‘chigger’	‘nigua’	Tunga penetrans	*ʔook-VC k’aq	(literally “entering flea”)
‘scorpion’	‘alacrán’	Scorpio	*siinaʔnh
‘green fly’	‘mosca verde’		*haʔh
‘fly grub’	‘gusano de mosca’		*haʔh
‘ant’	‘hormiga’	Formica	*sanik
‘spider’	‘araña’	Araneae	*ʔam	[pMS *ʔa:mu]
‘seed, pip, pit’			*b’aq’
‘tree’	‘árbol’		*tyeeʔ
‘cork tree’	‘jonote, corcho, balsa’	Heliocarpus appendiculatus	*b’aty
‘pricklenut’	‘guácima’	Guazuma ulmifolia	*ʔaqit
‘marmalade fruit’	‘zapote mamey’	Pouteria sapota / Pouteria mammosa	*haʔas
‘hogplum’	‘jocote’	Spondias spp.	*ʔab’a(l)	(Wa+Yu+QEQ)
‘hogplum’	‘jocote’	Spondias spp.	*q’iinom	(Wa+EM)
‘guava’	‘guayaba’	Psidium	*(ʔi)kaq’
‘avocado’	‘aguacate’	Persea americana	*ʔoonh
‘breadnut’	‘ramón, ojite, ujushte’	Brosimum alicastrum	*ʔajx ~ *ʔojx
‘cacao’	‘cacao’	Theobroma cacao	#KaKaw	[borrowed from pMS *kakawa, etc.]
‘sweet cassava’	‘yuca’	Manihot esculenta	*tz’iin tyeeʔ	(WAS+WM) [literally “cassava tree”: in MA folk taxonomy, cassava is a tree]
‘willow’	‘saúz, sauce’	Salix	*toq’oor
‘gumbolimbo’	‘palo mulato, palo (de) jiote’	Bursera spp.	*kaqaaj	[probably contains the root *kaq ‘red’]
‘Ficus’	‘amate’	Ficus spp.	*huʔnh
‘silk-cotton tree’	‘ceiba, pochote’	Ceiba pentandra	*ʔinuup
‘cohune palm’	‘palma de coyol’	Orbignya cohune	*map
‘beans’	‘frijol’	Phaseolus vulgaris	*kenaq’
‘type of bean’			*weʔt’	[WAS+Tz]
‘chayote’	‘chayote, güisquil’	Sechium edule	*ch’imaah ~ *ch’umaah
‘grape’	‘uva’	Vitis sp.	*tz’usub’
‘nettle’	‘chichicaste, ortiga’	Urera baccifera	*lah
‘sweet potato’	‘camote’	Ipomoea batatas	*ʔiis
‘pigweed’	‘bledo’	Amaranthus sp.	*tees ~ *tzees
‘chili pepper’	‘chile’	Capsicum	*ʔiik
‘tobacco’	‘tabaco’	Nicotiana tabacum	*mahy ~ *maʔy	[diffused, with extra-Mayan parallels]
‘kind of grass’			*toom	(WAS+TZE+MCH)
‘bamboo’	‘otate, bambú’	Bambusa, Arundinaria	*chanhib’ ~ *kanhib’	(WAS+Tz)
‘corn tassel’	‘flor de milpa’		*tz’utuj	[cf. pSokean *tzutuʔ ‘corn spike’; ‘espiga de maíz’]
‘roasting ear’	‘elote’		*ʔajn
‘maize ear’	‘mazorca’		*nhal
‘corncob’	‘olote’		*b’aqal	[WAS+Yu+WM]
‘prickly pear’	‘nopal, tuna’	Opuntia	*paq’aC	(WAS+Yu)
‘century plant (fiber)’	‘maguey; cañamo, ixtle’	Agave	*kiih
‘seed [for planting]’	‘semilla’		*ʔiiyaanh
‘to plant/sow it’	‘sembrarlo’		*ʔaw	(vt)
‘cornfield’	‘milpa’		*ʔalVj	(WAS+Toj)
‘to shell maize’	‘desgranar maíz’		*ʔix	(vt)
‘to shell maize’	‘desgranar maíz’		*ʔix.i	(vt)
‘to grind it’	‘molerlo’		*keeʔ.e	(vt)
‘corn dough’	‘masa’		*q’oor	[EM +‘atole’]
‘pinole’			*k’aj
‘hunger’	‘hambre’		*waʔ.ij(-aal)
‘to bite it; eat meat/mushrooms’	‘morderlo, comer carne/hongos’		*tiʔ	(vt)
‘to drink it’	‘beberlo, tomarlo’		*ʔuk’	(vt)
‘stinking’	‘hediondo, apestoso’		*tyuʔh
‘sweet’	‘dulce’		*kiʔ
‘bitter; gall’	‘amargo; hiel amarga’		*k’ah
‘salt’	‘sal’		*ʔaʔtz’aam
‘painful; spicy hot’	‘doloroso, que duele; picante’		*raʔh ~ *raah
‘swelling’	‘hinchazón’		*maal
‘mange’	‘sarna’		*saal
‘white’	‘blanco’		*saq
‘grue [undifferentiated green and blue]; unripe’	‘verde, azul; no maduro’		*raʔx
‘black’	‘negro’		*ʔejq’
‘yellow; ripe’	‘amarillo; maduro’		*q’an
‘red’	‘rojo, colorado’		*kaq
‘to go down’	‘bajar(se)’		*ʔehm	(vi) (WAS+GLL)
‘to come’	‘venir’		*tya(a)-l	(vi)
‘to arrive here’	‘llegar aquí’		*Huul	(vi)
‘visitor, guest’	‘huésped, visita’		*Huulaaʔ
‘to make a circuit, to walk around the outside edge’	‘caminar al rededor’		*q’ot	(vi) [WAS+QEQ]
‘to go out’	‘salir’		*ʔeel	(vi)
‘to go in’	‘entrar’		*ʔook	(vi)
‘to put it in’	‘meterlo’		*ʔok.esa	(vt)
‘to walk’	‘caminar, andar’		*xanh	(vi)
‘to exchange it’	‘hacerle cambio’		*jal	(vt)
‘sale’	‘venta’		*k’aay
‘to sell it’	‘venderlo’		*k’aay.i	(vt)
‘name’	‘nombre’		*b’ih
‘lord, boss’	‘señor, jefe’		*ʔaajaaw
‘servant, messenger, errand-boy’	‘mensajero, mandadero, mozo’		*ʔab’.aat
‘person; man’	‘gente; hombre’		*winaq
‘female	‘hembra’		*ʔix
‘female; relatively smaller or weaker thing or being’ [not necessarily animate]	‘hembra; ser o cosa relativamente más pequeño o menos fuerte’ [no necesariamente animado]		*ʔix=	[classifying prepound]
‘male; relatively larger or stronger animate being’	‘varón, macho; ser animado relativamente más grande o más fuerte’		*ʔaj=	[classifying prepound]
‘mother’	‘madre’		*naaʔ
‘woman’s offspring’	‘hijo/hija de mujer’		*ʔaal
‘grandmother’	‘abuela’		*miim	(WAS+LL+KOT)
‘woman’s grandchild’	‘nieto/nieta de mujer’		*ʔiʔh
‘grandfather; man’s grandchild’	‘abuelo; nieto/nieta de hombre’		*maam
‘MoBr’	‘hermano de la madre’		*ʔikaan
‘nephew’	‘sobrino’		*ʔikaaq’
‘cross-sex sibling-in-law’	‘cuñado/cuñada del sexo opuesto’		*muʔ
‘woman’s sibling-in-law’	‘cuñado/cuñada de hembra’		*jawan
‘man’s brother-in-law’	‘cuñado de varón’		*b’aal	(Wa+Yu+Tz+Mam)
‘man’s father-in-law; man’s son-in-law’	‘suegro de hombre; yerno de		*nhiiʔ
‘woman’s parent-in-law; daughter-in-law’	‘suegro/suegra de mujer; nuera’		*ʔalʔiib’
‘its corner’	‘su esquina’		*u+xikin	*ITS EAR
‘on top of it’	‘encima de ello’		*tya+ u+b’aah	*AT ITS HEAD
‘its tip’	‘su punta’		*u+wiʔ	*ITS HEAD/HAIR
‘handle; stalk’	‘cabo, mango; tallo’		*r+aqan	*ITS LEG/FOOT
‘under it’	‘debajo de ello’		*r+ahlaanh	*ITS UNDERNEATHNESS
‘corner, side’	‘esquina, lado’		*xuk
‘earth’	‘tierra’		*kab’
‘sky’	‘cielo’		*kaʔnh
‘thunder’	‘trueno’		*kahoq
‘rain’	‘lluvia’		*nhab’
‘wind’	‘viento’, ‘air’ ‘aire’		*ʔiʔq’
‘moon’	‘luna’		*ʔiik’
‘sun, day, time, festival’	‘sol, día, tiempo, fiesta’		*q’iinh
‘how much?, how many?’	‘¿cuánto?, ¿cuántos?’		*jar-ub’
‘one’	‘uno’		*juun
‘two’	‘dos’		*kaʔ-ib’	[sic]
‘three’	‘tres’		*ʔoox-ib’ /ʔoxib’/	[sic]
‘four’	‘cuatro’		*kaanh-ib’ /kanhib’/	[sic]
‘5’			*Hoʔ-oob’
‘6’			*waqaq-iib’
‘7’			*huuq-uub’ /huquub’/
‘8’			*waqxaq-iib’
‘9’			*b’eleenh-eeb’ /b’elenheeb’/
‘10’			*lajuunh-eeb’ /lajunheeb’/
‘x20’			*=winaq
‘20’			*jun=winaq
‘100’			*Hoʔ=winaq
‘100’			*Hoʔ=k’ahl
‘to count it’	‘contarlo(s)’		*ʔaj	(vt)
‘fore-finger; hand-span’	‘dedo índice; cuarta’		*k’ut.u(u)b’
‘to point at it, show it’			*k’ut	(vt)
‘fire’	‘fuego, lumbre’		*q’ahq’
‘ashes; quicklime’	‘ceniza(s); cal’		*tyaʔnh
‘firewood’	‘leña’		*siiʔ
‘dancing’	‘baile’		*b’ix
‘musical instrument’	‘instrumento músico’		*waj.b’
‘flute, whistle’	‘chirimía, flauta, pito’		*suub’
‘enchantment, witching’	‘encanto, brujería’		*laab’
‘to sleep’	‘dormir’		*war	(vi)
‘needle’	‘aguja’		*tz’is.Vb’
‘to weave it’	‘tejerlo’		*kem	(vt)
‘men’s pants [with long legs, short legs, or no legs]’	‘calzón’		*weex
‘bead; necklace’	‘perla, cuenta; collar, gargantilla’		*ʔuuh
‘obsidian’	‘obsidiana’		*tyaah
‘string, cord, rope; vine’	‘cuerda, pita, lazo; bejuco’		*k’aj/haanh/m	(*j ~ *h, *nh ~ *m)
‘quern’	‘metate, piedra de moler’		*kaaʔ
‘ladder’	‘escalera’		*ʔehb’	(WAS+LL+QEQ)
‘water jug’; ‘water gourd’; ‘gourd dipper’	‘cántaro’; ‘tecomate’; ‘jícara’		*mul	(WAS+GK)
‘bowl’	‘escudilla, plato hondo’		*la(a)q
‘water gourd’	‘tecomate’		*tzuhh
‘gourd dipper or bowl’	‘guacal, jícara’		#tzimah
‘bed; rack’	‘cama; tapesco’		*ch’aaq
‘house; container’	‘casa; recipiente’		*ʔatyooty ~ *ʔatyuuty
‘road’	‘camino’		*b’eeh	cf. *b’eh ‘to go’
‘dream’	‘sueño’		*watyik’/b’
‘rattle’	‘chinchín’		*chiC.chiC
‘sneezing’	‘estornudar’		*hat’is ~ *hat’ix ~ *hach’ix, etc.

Lower-level Mayan reconstructions

English gloss	Spanish gloss	Scientific name	Proto-Southern Mayan	Proto-Central Mayan	Proto-Eastern Mayan	Proto-Western Mayan	Notes
‘domestic animal’	‘animal doméstico’		*ʔaalaq’
‘howler monkey’	‘zarahuato’	Alouatta	*b’aʔtz’
‘spider monkey’	‘mono araña’	Ateles	(WM+Yu?) *maax				[diffused]
‘long-tailed monkey; howler monkey’	‘mico, mono; zarahuato’				*k’ooy
‘mountain cow, tapir’	‘danta’	Tapirus	*tixl
‘dog’	‘perro’	Canis familiaris		*tz’iʔ
‘skunk’		Conepatus leuconotus / Conepatus semistriatus	*pahar
‘squirrel’	‘ardilla’	Sciurus	*kuʔk
‘rabbit’	‘conejo’	Sylvilagus			*ʔimul
‘mouse’	‘ratón’	Mus	*ch’oʔh
‘nine-banded armadillo’		Dasypus novemcinctus	*ʔib’
‘female bird; vulva’	‘pájaro hembra; vulva’		*tuʔx
‘male bird’	‘pájaro varón/macho’		*(ʔaj=)tzooʔ
‘turkey’	‘guajolote’	Meleagris gallopavo			*ʔak’		[meaning mostly shifted to ‘chicken’]
‘wild turkey’	‘pavo de monte’	Meleagris gallopavo		(EM+QaP+Ch) *ʔak’.aach			[meaning mostly shifted to ‘turkey’]
‘sparrow hawk, kestrel’	‘gavilancillo’	Falco sparverius		#liK.liK
‘buzzard, vulture’	‘zopilote’	Cathartes sp.	(EM+Yu) *k’uty
‘(barn) owl’	‘tecolote, búho’	Bubo	*ʔikiin
‘boat-tailed grackle’	‘zanate’	Quiscalus	(LL+WM) *q’aʔaw
‘turtle-dove’	‘tortolita’	Streptopelia?		*(ʔix=)muukuur
‘wild dove’	‘paloma silvestre’	Columba		*(ʔix=)pumuuy
‘parrot, parakeet’	‘loro, perico, chocoyo, cotorra’	Psittaciformes	(LL+WM) *ty’e(e)l
‘parrot, parakeet’	‘loro, perico, chocoyo, cotorra’	Psittaciformes			*k’e(e)l
‘macaw’	‘guacamaya’	Ara	*mooʔ
‘macaw’	(‘red x’) ‘guacamaya’	Ara		*kaqiix
‘woodpecker; mockingbird’	‘pájaro carpintero; cenzontle’	Picidae; Mimus	*ty’ejeC
‘quetzal’		Pharomachrus		*q’uʔq’
‘bluebird’	‘pájaro azul’	Sialia mexicana		*xeew
‘hummingbird’	‘chupaflor’	Trochilus	*tz’uunuʔn
‘iguana’		Iguana		*ʔoohan
‘frog’	‘rana’	Rana	*ʔamooch
‘fish’	‘pescado, pez’		*kar
‘little fish’	‘pescadito’			*mutz’utz’
‘snail’	‘caracol’	Gastropoda	*t’oot’
‘snail’	‘caracol’	Gastropoda		*puur
‘fresh-water crab’	‘cangrejo’	Brachyura		(EM+GQ) *tap
‘bedbug’	‘chinche’	Cimex		*poty’
‘nit’	‘liendre’			*u+tzaaʔ ʔuk’			(‘its-shit-of louse’)
‘(body) louse’	‘piojo (del cuerpo)’	Pediculus humanus humanus		*saq ʔuk’
‘grub’	‘gusano’			*jut
‘chigger’	‘nigua’	Tunga penetrans		*jut
‘wasp’	‘avispa’	Vespidae	*hoonon
‘bumblebee’	‘abejorro’	Bombus	*hoonon
‘wasp(’s nest)’				*ʔahqaanh			[a similar-sounding pSokean form *7okʉwVC is reflected in WAS, TZE, and TOJ]
‘honey(-bee)’	‘abeja, colmena’	Apis	*kaab’
‘beeswax’			*(ʔix=)kab’
‘gnat’	‘mosquito’	Culex	*ʔus
‘fly’	‘mosca’	Diptera	*ʔus
‘mosquito’	‘zancudo’	Anopheles	*xeʔn
‘cricket’	‘grillo’	Gryllidae	*chiil..
‘grasshopper’	‘saltamontes’	Caelifera	*chiil..
‘cricket’	‘grillo’	Gryllidae		*lool
‘locust, cicada’	‘chicharra, cigarra’	Cicadidae		*lool
‘grasshopper’	‘saltamontes, chapulín’	Caelifera		*lool
‘grasshopper’	‘saltamontes, chafpulín’	Caelifera	*sahk’
‘locust, cicada’	‘chicharra, cigarra’	Cicadidae	*sahk’
‘butterfly’	‘mariposa’	Rhopalocera	*pehpen
‘lightning bug, firefly’	‘luciérnaga’	Lampyridae	*kuhkaʔy				[diffused]
‘earth-worm’	‘lombriz’	Lumbricina	(LL+WM) *luqum
‘pit, kernel’				*nahq’
‘plant blight; dead leaves; flaky bark of gumbolimbo’	‘plaga, argenio; broza; palo jiote’		*soj				(Yu+MCH+KCH)
‘onion cordia, Spanish elm’	‘laurel blanco’	Cordia alliodora		*sanik tyeeʔ			[literally ‘ant tree’]
‘elephant ear’	‘conacaste, guanacast(l)e’	Enterolobium cyclocarpum		*piit
‘white sapote, Mexican apple’	‘matasano’	Casimiroa edulis	*ʔaajaaw=tyeeʔ				[literally ‘lord tree’]
‘sapodilla, naseberry’	‘chicozapote, zapotillo’	Manilkara zapota	*muuy
‘soursop’	‘anona’	Annona muricata		*k’iwex
‘Nectandra’	‘aguacatillo’	Nectandra		*tzitz
‘wild cacao’	‘pataxte’	Theobroma cacao		*peeq			[this may have meant ‘undifferentiated cacao’ before the introduction of #KaKaw]
‘sweet cassava’	‘yuca’	Manihot esculenta	*tz’iin
‘pine’	‘pino, ocote’	Pinus	*tyaj
‘cypress’	‘ciprés’	Cupressus spp.		*k’isiis
‘tropical cedar’	‘cedro’	Cedrela odorata	(LL+WM) *k’uh=tyeeʔ				[lit. ‘god tree’]
‘oak’	‘encino, roble’	Quercus spp.		*jih
‘oak’	‘encino, roble’	Quercus spp.		*jih
‘annatto’	‘achiote’	Bixa orellana	*k’uxub’
‘annatto’	‘achiote’	Bixa orellana		*hoʔox
‘palm’	‘palma’	Arecaceae	*xaʔnh
‘parlor palm’	‘pacaya’	Chamaedorea elegans	*k’iib’
‘vine’			*ʔaʔq’
‘vine, creeper’				*quul
‘pumpkin’	‘ayote, calabaza amarilla’	Cucurbita pepo pepo	*k’uhm ~ *k’uum
‘pumpkin seed’	‘pepita de ayote’		*sakiil
‘summer squash’	‘ayote de tierra fría, güicoy’	Cucurbita pepo		(EM+GQ) *muukun
‘winter squash’	‘chilacayote, tzílaca’	Cucurbita ficifolia		(EM+GQ) *q’ohq’
‘soaproot, soapberry’	‘amole, jabón de monte, jaboncillo’	Sapindus saponaria		*ty’up.aq
‘tomato’	‘tomate, jitomate’	Solanum lycopersicum		*pixp
‘tomato’	‘tomate, jitomate’	Solanum lycopersicum			EM+ *ʔix=kooyaaʔ		[borrowed from Mije-Sokean: pMS *ko:ya:ʔ]
‘herb’	‘hierba’			*tz’uʔl
‘pot-herbs, greens’	‘verdura, hierba, quelites’			*ʔiityaaj
‘rattlepod’	‘chipilín’	Crotalaria	(GQ+GM) *ch’aʔb’iʔn
‘cigar’	‘puro’			*siik’
‘fern’	‘helecho, palmita’	Pteridium		*tzihb’
‘marigold’	‘flor de muerto’	Tagetes erecta		*tuhs
‘sunflower’	‘girasol, mirasol’	Tithonia rotundifolia	*suʔn				[KiP is from *suʔun; Yu, TUZ, GM could be from either *suʔun or *suʔn]
‘American black nightshade’	‘yerbamora’	Solanum americanum				*muuh
‘American black nightshade’	‘yerbamora’	Solanum americanum			*ʔiimuʔut
‘grass; thatching’			*ʔaaq
‘straw’	‘paja’			*k’im
‘cattail’	‘tule’	Typha		*puuj
‘reed’	‘(caña de) carrizo’	Phragmites australis		*ʔaaj
‘young maize ear’	‘jilote’			*hiʔh
‘pineapple’	‘piña’	Ananas comosus				WM+ *pajk’	[This plant originated in lowland South America, but reached Meso-America in pre-Columbian times.]
‘prickly pear’	‘nopal, tuna’	Opuntia		*pehtaq(’)
‘bromelia’	‘pie de gallo, tecolúmate’	Bromelia		*ʔeek’
‘moss’	‘musgo’			(EM+GQ) *q’uux
‘type of mushroom’				*q’an=tzuhh			(lit. ‘yellow bottlegourd’)
‘weeding corn’	‘limpia’			*ʔaq’iin
‘maize kernels on or off the cob’	‘maíz en grano; maíz desgranado’		*ʔix.i.ʔm
‘to toast it, roast it’	‘tostarlo, dorarlo’		*k’il				(vt)
‘to broil it’	‘asarlo’			(EM+GQ) *b’ol			(vt)
‘to mash (chili, tomato) in mortar with pestle’	‘machacarlo (chile, tomate) en molcajete’		*q’ut				(vt)
‘to crush, squash (chili, tomato)’	‘machacarlo, destriparlo (chile, tomate, olote cocido)’		*puty’				(vt)
‘corn gruel’	‘atole’		*maatz’
‘corn gruel’	‘atole’		*ʔuul				[from Sokean; pSo *ʔunu < pre-pSo *ʔu:nu]
‘corn gruel’	‘atole’		(YUK+EM) *saq=Haʔ
‘leached maize, hominy’	‘nixtamal’			*b’uuch
‘to eat in general’	‘comer’			*waʔ			(vi)
‘to eat crunchy things’	‘comer cosas tostadas, crujientes’		*k’ux				(vt)
‘to eat soft things, fruit, eggs’	‘comer cosas suaves, frutas, huevos’			*loʔ			(vt)
‘sour’	‘agrio, ácido’		(LL+WM) *paaj ~ *paʔj
‘sick(ness), wound, sore, suffering’	‘enfermo, enfermedad, herida, llaga, sufrimiento’			*yaaj
‘dumb’	‘mudo’			*meem
‘medicine’	‘medicina, remedio’			*tz’ak			[cf. pMS *tzok]
‘curing power’	‘poder del curandero’			(Hue) *kuun
‘curer’	‘curandero’				*ʔaj=kuun
‘to go, travel, walk’	‘ir, viajar, andar, caminar’		*beh.i-:n ~ *b’ihn				(vi)
‘to go away’	‘irse’			*xiʔ			(vi)
‘to go away’	‘irse’			(EM+GQ) *ʔoonh			(vi)
‘to arrive elsewhere’	‘llegar en otra parte’				EM+ *ʔapo-:n		(vi)
‘to pass by, cross over’	‘pasar, cruzar’		*q’ahx				(vi)
‘to turn it’	‘darle vuelta, voltearlo’		*sut				(vt)
‘to swim’	‘nadar’			*nuhx			(vi)
‘earth to quake’	‘temblar la tierra’			*nhihk			(vi)
‘to run’	‘correr’				*ʔahn		(vi)
‘to run’	‘correr’					*ʔahnh	(vi)
‘to run (away), flee’	‘correr, huirse’			*ʔahn(h).im.aj			(vi)
‘theft’	‘robo’			*ʔeleq’
‘loan, something borrowed’	‘préstamo’		*majaan
‘to pay it’	’pagarlo’		*toj				(vt)
‘debt’	‘deuda’			*k’aas
‘to buy it’	‘comprarlo’			(LL+WM) *man			(vt)
‘market’	‘mercado, plaza’		*k’iwik
‘gift’	‘regalo’		*mahtaan
‘gift’	‘regalo’			*siih
‘to put it’	‘ponerlo’			*ʔaq’
‘to give it, to put it’	‘darlo, ponerlo’			*yeʔ			(=> yaʔ in KiP)
‘town’	‘pueblo’			*ʔaamaaq’
‘rich person’	‘rico, adinerado’			*b’eh.oom
‘rich person’	‘rico, adinerado’				*q’iinoom
‘tribute, service’	‘tributo, servicio’			*pataan
‘to send him, order him’	‘enviarlo, mandarlo, obligarlo’		*taq				(vt)
‘slave’	‘esclavo’			*muun
‘female; woman’	‘hembra; mujer’			*ʔix.oq
‘male’	‘varón, macho’		*xiib’
‘step-mother’	‘madrasta’			*chuchuʔ
‘father’	‘padre’ [diffused]		#TaaT
‘man’s son’	‘hijo de hombre’			(EM+GQ) *k’aajol
‘man’s son’	‘hijo de hombre’					*nity’an
‘same sex elder sibling’	‘hermano/hermana mayor del mismo sexo’				*ʔatz		[borrowed from pSokean *ʔatzi ‘elder male kinsman’]
‘same sex elder sibling’	‘hermano/hermana mayor del mismo sexo’		LL *sakuʔn
‘elder brother’	‘hermano mayor’			*ʔichl.al
‘man’s sister’	‘hermana de varón’				EM+Qa *ʔaanaab’
‘same sex younger sibling’	‘hermano/hermana menor del mismo sexo’		(Yu+WM+GM) *ʔihtz’iin
‘same sex younger sibling’	‘hermano/hermana menor del mismo sexo’		(Yu+Ch+GK) *tyaaq’
‘woman’s brother’	‘hermano de hembra’		*xib’.aal				[based on *xiib’ ‘male’]
‘wife; older woman’	‘esposa; viej(it)a’		(LL+WM) *ʔanat
‘wife’	‘esposa’		(YUK+Ki) *ʔix=nhaah.iil
‘old man; man; husband’	‘viejo; hombre; marido’		(Yu+GQ+GM) *ʔiitaam
‘man’s sister-in-law’	‘cuñada de varón’			*ʔix=naʔm
‘its (sharp) edge’	‘su filo’		*r+eeh				*ITS FRONT.TOOTH
‘its edge’	‘su orilla’		*u+tyiiʔ				*ITS MOUTH
‘door’	‘puerta’		*u+tyiiʔ nhaah				*ITS-MOUTH of-HOUSE, ‘house’s mouth’
‘its bottom’	‘su fondo’		*r+iit				*ITS ARSE
‘in front of it’	‘en frente de ello’		*tya+ u+Haty				*AT ITS FACE/EYE
‘handle’	‘cabo, mango’		*r+ooq				*ITS LEG/FOOT
‘tear(s)’	‘lágrima(s)’		*r+Haʔ-aal (ERG+)Haty				*ITS-WATER of-FACE/EYE, ‘face’s water’
‘branch(es)’	‘rama(s)’			*u+q’ab’ tyeeʔ			*ITS-ARM of-TREE, ‘tree’s arm’
‘sea-coast’	‘la costa del Pacífico’			*malaaj			[areal?]
‘field, plain, flat place’	‘campo, llano, planada’		*taq’aanh
‘lake, sea’	‘lago, laguna, mar’		*najb’
‘mountain, hill’	‘cerro’		*witz
‘frost’	‘helada’			*tahiiw			[only exists above 6,000 feet]
‘hail’	‘granizo’		*b’aty
‘year’	‘año’		*haʔb’
‘star’	‘estrella’		(GLL+QEQ) *ʔeeq’
‘star’	‘estrella’				*ch’umiil
‘day-keeper, calendar priest’	‘sacerdote Maya’		(EM+LL) *ʔaj=q’iinh
‘during the day’	‘durante el día, de día’		*tya+ q’iinh
‘yesterday’	‘ayer’			*ʔeew.ii(r)
‘before, a long time ago’	‘antes, hace mucho tiempo’			*ʔoonh.eer
‘first’	‘primero’		*b’ah
‘first’	‘primero’			*nah
‘12’				*kab’=lajuunh
‘12’						*laj=kaʔ/b’
‘13’				*ʔoox=lajuunh /ʔoxlajuunh/
‘14’				*kaanh=lajuunh /kanhlajuunh/
‘15’				*Hoʔ=lajuunh
‘16’				*waqaq=lajuunh
‘17’				*huuq=lajuunh /huqlajuunh/
‘18’				*waqxaq=lajuunh
‘19’				*b’eleenh=lajuunh /b’elenhlajuunh/
‘x20’			*=k’ahl
‘30’				*lajuunh u+kaʔ=winaq
‘40’				*kaʔ=winaq
‘40’				*kaʔ=k’ahl
‘50’				*lajuunh r+oox=k’ahl /.. roxk’ahl/
‘60’				*ʔoox=k’ahl /ʔoxk’ahl/
‘120’				*waqaq=k’ahl
‘160’				*waqxaq=k’ahl
‘200’				*lajuunh=k’ahl /lajunhk’ahl/
‘measuring cord’	‘cuerda para medir’			*ʔeht
‘mark, sign, foot-print’	‘seña, huella’		*r+eht.aal
‘smoke’	‘humo’				*sib’
‘toy’	‘juguete’			*ʔaalaʔs
‘to sing’	‘cantar’			*b’ity			(vi)
‘pine needles’	‘juncia, hoja de pino’			*xaaq(-i) tyaj
‘copal incense’	‘copal’	Bursera bipinnata, Bursera tomentosa	*poom				[from pMS *po:mʉʔ]
‘animal spirit-companion/counterpart; shape-shifter’	‘contraparte animal, tonal; nahual’		*wa(h)r				[probably based on the root √war ‘to sleep’]
‘cotton’	‘algodón’	Gossypium	*tyiinh
‘cottonseed’	‘semilla de algodón’		*tuhx
‘cotton (thread); clothing’	‘(hilo de) algodón; ropa’		*nooq’
‘spindlewhorl’	‘malacate, huso’		*pet.eht
‘to sew it’	‘coserlo, costurarlo’		*tz’is				(vt)
‘comb’	‘peine’			*xih.ab’
‘nest; blanket’	‘nido; cobija, chamarra’		*q’uuʔ
‘clothing’	‘ropa’		*b’uhq
‘mask’	‘máscara’		*k’ooj				[diffused]
‘to paint it, dye it’	‘pintarlo, teñirlo’		*b’on				(vt)
‘writing’	‘escritura’		*tz’ihb’
‘to write it’	‘ecribirlo’			*tz’ihb’.a			(vt)
‘stone’	‘piedra’		(Yu+WM) *toonh
‘stone’	‘piedra’				*ʔaʔb’aj
‘flint’	‘pedernal’		*tyooq’
‘muller’	‘mano de metate, mano de piedra’		*u+q’ab’ kaaʔ
‘wooden platform for quern support’	‘tabla de molendero’			*ʔaq’een
‘whetstone’	‘piedra de afilar’		*huʔx				[Stone tools are sharpened with other types of stone.]
‘axe’	‘hacha’			*ʔikaj
‘mirror’	‘espejo’			*lem
‘net bag; shoulder bag’	‘red, matate; morral, bolsa’		*chiim
‘bag’	‘bolsa’			*ty’uʔuy
‘basket with handles’	‘canasta con argollas/agarrador’			*xuʔuk
‘water jar’	‘cántaro, tinaja’			*q’i(h)b’
‘gourd dipper’	‘guacal, jícara’		*johm
‘dugout; trough’	‘canoa; batea, comedero’			*jukuub’
‘canoe, raft’	‘canoa, balsa’		*tyem
‘dugout; trough’	‘canoa; batea, comedero’			*jukuub’
‘canoe, raft’	‘canoa, balsa’		*tyem
‘hammock’	‘hamaca’			*ʔaab’			[introduced after 1300 CE]
‘seat, bench’	‘asiento, banco’		*teem
‘seat, bench’	‘asiento, banco’			*q’ahnh
‘house; dwelling’	‘casa; domicilio’		*nhaah
‘shack, hut’	‘choza, jacal’		*paat
‘bridge’	‘puente’			*q’aH..
‘being there, existing’	‘que está, que hay’			*ʔar
‘to come to an end’	‘acabarse, terminarse’			*laaj
‘load’	‘carga’			*ʔihq(atz)
‘to carry it’	‘cargarlo’			*ʔihq.a			(vt)
‘to recognize it’	‘conocerlo’			*ʔojtyaq.i			(vt)

See also

• Appendix:Proto-Mayan Swadesh list
• Appendix:Mayan Swadesh lists