Appendix:Proto-Oto-Pamean reconstructions

Proto-Otopamean reconstructions:

Bartholomew (1989)

Four vowels with nasalization contrast are reconstructed for Proto-Otopamean by Bartholomew (1989):

• *a, *e, *i, *o
• *ã, *ẽ, *ĩ, *õ

Synchronic languages supporting the reconstruction of Proto-Otopamean are:

• Otomi
• Matlazinca
• North Pame
• Mazahua
• Ocuilteco
• Chichimeco

English gloss	Proto-Otopamean	Otomi	Matlazinca	North Pame	Mazahua	Ocuilteco	Chichimeco
chile	*ʔi	ʔi	mi	ʔei	ʔiʔi	mi	ʔe
blood	*kʰi	kʰi	či-hyabi	kkʰi	kʰiʔi	nči-hya	kʰe
squirrel	*mi-nã	minã	mini	meigŋ		mi
tell	*si-p	šipʰi	ši	sep	šipʰi		se
pull	*kiʔHC-mʔ	kʰɨʔmi	kɨɨza	kkeʔedn	kʰɨbʔɨ	nkɨbi	keʔenʔ
chin	*kʰiHC-nʔ	kʰɨni	nčɨri	kʰwelʔ	kʔɨdʔɨ	nčɨli
beans	*kʰiHC-ʔ	kʰɨ	čʰɨ	nkʰweʔ	kʰɨʔɨ	čʰɨ	kʰeʔ
louse	*tʔo	tʔoni	tʔo	lʔo	tʔoʔo	tʔo	rʔo
house	*tʔo-s	tʔoši 'bed'	tʔoši 'supper'	lʔos	tʔošɨ 'bed'		rʔos
stone	*=to	do	nto	to	ndo	nto	ro
flower	*=toHC-n	dəni	təni	togŋ	ndəhnə	ndə	ro
hen	*ʔoHC-n	ʔəni	ʔəni	ʔogŋ	ʔənə	ʔə
hear	*ʔoHC-t	ʔəde	ʔəti	ʔoʔ	ʔərə	ʔəti	ʔo
water	*=teh	dege	tawi	tæ	ndehe	nta	ri
to weave	*pe	pe	pa	ppæ	peʔe	mpa	pi
mouth	*ne	ne	na	næ	neʔe	ši-na 'lips'	ni
people	*te	te	ta	læ	teʔe	tạ
spider	*me-s	meše	maši	mæs	meše	maši
to cough	*hyeh	hehe	hyewi 'a cold'	hhæ	hehe	he
a cold	*t-heh	tʰehe	hyewi	ri-tʰyæʔæ	tʰe
one	*nʔa	ʔna	dawi	nda	daha	la	ntʔa
plain	*mʔa-tʰa	ʔmatʰa	bati	nibia	bʔatʰɨ	bati
horse	*pah-nʔ	pʰani	pari	wahalʔ	pʰadʔɨ	bali
straw mat	*pĩh-ʔ	ši-mpʰĩ	mpʰiwi	ppẽhiʔ	pʰi-ngwa	pʰi
drunken	*tĩ, *nĩ	ntĩ	nimi		tĩʔi	ni
to look	*nõ	nũ	nu	nnõʔo	nũʔu	nu 'wake up'	nũʔu
to tie up	*tõ-tʔ/cʔ	tũtʔi	tuncʔi 'know'	ttocʔ 'knot'	tũntʔɨ	tuncʔi	tucʔ 'knot'
to die	*tũ	tũ	tuwi	ttõ	tũʔu	tu	rũ
owner	*mʰõ	ʰmũ	mʰu	mʰõʔ	ʰmũʔu	mʰu	mʰũ
to steal	*pẽ	pæ̃	pewi	ppæ̃	pẽ	pe	ppĩ
tortilla	*mʰẽ	ʰmæ̃	mʰewi	mʰæ̃		mʰe
tamale	*tʰẽ-t	tʰæ̃di	tʰeti	lʰæ̃ʔæ	tʰẽʒẽ	tʰenti	rʔĩhi
atole	*tʔẽ-m	tʔæ̃i	tʔemi	lʔæ̃ŋ	tʔẽʰme	tʔe	rʔĩ
to roast	*hã-s	hãši	həši	hãs	hãša	həši	hüs
to say	*mã-m	mã	məmi	mmãŋ	mãmã	mə	mã
to know	*pã-t	pãdi	pəya	ppã 'visit'	pãra	mpəya	pã 'see'
to buy	*tao-m	tɔi	tami	ttaogŋ	tɔmɨ	ta	ta
mucus	*mʔao-s	ʔmɔši	maši 'nose'	mbaos	bʔɔšɨ	maši 'nose'
to ask	*ʔao-nʔ	ʔɔni	ʔari	ʔahodnʔ	ʔɔnɨ	ʔali	ʔan
to try	*cao	cɔ	copi	cʔaoʔ	sɔʔɔ	co
avocado	*cʔao-n	cʔɔni	cʔoni	cʔaogŋ	sʔɔhnɨ	cʔo
to stand up	*mʔao-mʔ	ʔmɔi			bʔɔbʔɨ	nbohobi
white	*tʔoa-s	tʔaši	tʔoši	ddoa	tʔɔšɨ		nuʔu
plow	*tʔoa-p	tʔabi	tʔopi		tʔɔbi	tʔopi	rʔu
bat	*coa-cʔ	cacʔi	cocʔi	čoacʔ		cocʔi
foot	*koa	gwa	kwahtu	koa	ngwaʔa		gu
wing	*hoa	hwa	nʰowi	hoa	hwaʔa	nʰo
maguey	*nʔoa	ʔwada		ddoa	ʔwadɨ	nlooti	nʔu
bitter	*kʰão	kʰũ	čʰə	kʰão	kʰõʔo	čʰə	kʰã
to sing	*tãoh	tũhu	təwi	ndão	tõho	tə
moon	*mʔão-ʔ		mbə	mʔãoʔ		bə	mʔãʔ
night	*são-m	šũi	šəmi	são	šõmɨ	lšũ	sã
shadow	*são-t/mʔ	šũdi	šubi	sãot	šõrɨ	čʰubi
corn	*tʰõa	tʰã	tʰuwi	lʰõa	tʰõʔo	tʰu
cornfield	*nhõa-ʰm	hwãhi	nomi	nʰõa	hwãʰma	nu	nʰũ
to confess	*kõah-	kʰwãni	kunya	kkõaho	kʰwãmʔa
to beat	*paih-ʔmʔ	pʰæʔmi	papi	ppahiʔ	pʰæʔbʔi		pe
to abandon	*hai-k/mʔ	hægi	habi	haigŋ	hæzi	habi	he
abandoned	*hi-ai-k	hyægi	heči	nʰiagŋ	hyæzi	heči	hi
hand	*nʔi-ai	ʔyæ	ye	nʔia	dyʔæʔæ	ye	nʔi
liver	*nia	ya	ya 'heart'	nia		ya 'heart'
to dance	*nãih-mʔ	nẽi	nəbi	nnãhiʔ	nẽmʔe	nəhəbi	nẽheʔ
to nurse	*coi	cɨ	čuʔu	ciʔ	siʔi	ci	čüʔ
to ride horseback	*teog	təge		llæogŋ	čəgə	nde
to burn	*ceo	nze	ceti		zərə
meat	*nkoeHC	ngə		ŋgwæʔ	nge		gu
star	*coeHC	cə	nceʔe		sehe	ce
cold	*coe	cæ	ce	cæ	sæʔæ	ce	či
to split wood	*coe-nʔ	cæni	seri	ccæʔædn		celi	čin
fly	*ʔõi	ʔwæ̃	ʔu	ʔẽi	ʔwæ	ngwi	ʔẽ
hunger	*tʰõi	tʰũhu		lʰõi	tʰĩʰmi	tʰu
squash	*mõih-ʔ	mũ	muhu	mõhiʔ	mũʔu	muʰli	mũhuʔ
sand	*mĩo-m	-mũ	mumi	mmẽoŋ		mu
full	*nĩo-t	yũdi	nuti	næ̃	ñiʒi	nuti
three	*nʰĩo	hyũ	hyu	nʰõʔ	ʰñĩʔi	hyu	nʰũ